Objective: We determined the frequency of refractive errors among Filipino patients undergoing refractive or cataract screening at an ambulatory eye-care center, correlated them with demographic and ophthalmic variables, and compared refractive and keratometric astigmatism. Methods Clinical records of 666 consecutive patients who had optical interferometry were reviewed and the demographic and clinical parameters obtained were subjected to statistical analyses.
Refractive Errors ; Astigmatism ; Myopia ; Hyperopia

We evaluated the type and the degree of refractive errors of 213 eyes in 124 children with anisometropic and refractive amblyopia aged 3 to 12 years. Of 213 eyes examined, the hyperopic refractive amblyopia was found in 51 eyes and the hyperopic astigmatism was seen in 74 eyes. Of 213 eyes examined, the myopic refactive amblyopia was found in 74 eyes. Of these 74 eyes, the simple myopia was seen in 15 eyes and the myopic astigmatism was seen in 61 eyes. Astigmatism was associated with myopia more than hyperopia. Astigmatism was found in 149 of 213 eyes. Of these 149 eyes, with thr rule astigmatism was found in 124 eyes. Of 213 eyes examined, anisometropic amblyopia was found in 49 eyes. The degree of anisometropia was distributed mostly from 1 D to 4 D.
Amblyopia* ; Anisometropia ; Astigmatism ; Child ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

645 children (330 boys and 315 girls) of a primary school were determined under 2% Cyclogyl. (1) Among 645 children, refractive error was 57.2% and emmetropia 42.8%. (2) As to the distribution of refractive errors, 33.8% were hyperopic and 11.4% myopic. Hyperopia was more common than myopia. (3) Hyperopic refractive error was increased until 7 years of age. Since then it has been decreased yearly. Myopic refractive error has been increased yearly since 8 years of age. (4) The refractive errors were relatively equall rate in girls(28%) and boys(29%). (5) Refractive errors were numerous around the age of 7(24.7%). (6) The degree of refractive errors varied, but in the great majority was less than 3 diopters. (7) As to the type of astigmatism, 75% were with the rule and 23.7 were againat the rule. (8) The myopic refractive errors were decreased in 1973 year(24.7%) than 1957 year(27.5%).
Astigmatism ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Emmetropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

Estimation of subjective visual acuity depends on the test type, size of object, illumination, distance, position of eyeball and head, and shape of palpebral fissure. The purpose of this study is to observe discrepancy between the correct subjective visual acuity obtained in ideal proper condition and the subjective visual acuity obtained by any means of squeezing, turning eyeball or head in refractive errors: myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. The results of this study were as follow: 1. Visual acuity with squeezing was better than normal visual acuity in all refractive errors. 2. Discrepancy between normal visual acuity and visual acuity with squeezing was the greatest in the myopia: Visual acuity with squeezing was the best in the myopia. Better visual acuity with squeezing was shown in the compound myopic astigmatism and next in the simple myopic astigmatism. The differance between those two kinds of visual acuities was not noticeable in the hyperopia and mixed astigmatism. 3. Discrepancy between normal visual acuity and visual acuity with squeezing was more in against-the-rule astigmatism than in with-the-rule astigmatism: Visual acuity with squeezing was better in against-the-rule astigmatism than in with-the-rule astigmatism. This study have shown that visual acuity should be measured not only in proper condition of test but also in proper position of a patient with refractive error, especially with myopia.
Astigmatism ; Head ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Lighting ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors* ; Visual Acuity*

518 children (282 boys and 236 girs) of a primary school were determined under mydrin-p instillation. (1) Among 518 children, Ammetropia was 43.6% emmetropia 56.4%. (2) As to the distribution of refractive error 38.2% were hyperopia and 4.1% myopic. (3) There was an anuual decrease in the incidence of hyperopia both in the country and city. In contrast, the incidence of myopia showed an annual increase in city only. (4) The majority of refractive error were less than 3 diopter. (5) "With the rule" astigmatism was more commonly found than "against the rule". (6) The incidence of myopia among primary school children in the country had dropped to 4.1 % as compared with 13.7% in city.
Astigmatism ; Child* ; Emmetropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Incidence ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and subjective symptoms of patients who underwent presbyopic corneal surface ablation. METHODS: Excimer laser surgery with MEL80 for refractive errors and presbyopia was performed on 128 eyes of 67 patients. Uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity, distance-corrected near-visual acuity, spectacle near-addition for Jaeger 1, depth of focus, spherical aberration, and subjective symptoms were evaluated before surgery and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: This study consisted of a myopia group (56 eyes), an emmetropia group (spherical equivalent < or = +/-0.75D, 19 eyes), and a hyperopia group (53 eyes). Presbyopic corneal ablation improved distance and near uncorrected visual acuity, and distance-corrected near visual acuity at postoperative 12 months. There was no significant change in best-corrected visual acuity but there was a significant decrease in the emmetropia only group. Useful near visual acuity (> or =20/40) was found in 96 eyes (75%) and spectacle near addition for Jaeger 1 decreased. Our results showed a significant increase of spherical aberration (from -0.19 micrometer to 0.11 micrometer) and depth of focus (from 1.45D to 1.69D). A significant positive correlation was found between spherical aberration and uncorrected far and near visual acuity and depth of focus. Loss of two lines of best corrected visual acuity occurred in 11 eyes (8.5%) at far vision and in 7 eyes (5.5%) at near vision. In general, patient satisfaction was good. CONCLUSIONS: Presbyopic corneal ablation with MEL80 showed good distant and near visual results and a wide depth of focus induced by increased spherical aberration.
Emmetropia ; Eye ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Lasers, Excimer ; Myopia ; Patient Satisfaction ; Presbyopia ; Refractive Errors ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity

As a partial effort of the survey in the National Plan for the Eye Health, the analysis of the visual impairment mainly refractive errors among 4,004 School Children in Seoul(1986) with the ancilliary questionnaire on various conditions was attempted. The number of the student with subnormal vision(0.7 or less) was 1,552(38.8 %), and this rate was increased with the higher school grade. Of the 2,551 eyes with subnormal vision(0.7 or less), the confirmed refractive errors consisted of myopia 2,170(78.7%), hyperopia 237(8.6%), and mixed astigmatism 144(5.2%) eyes. The number of glasses wearer among the students of vision 0.5 or below(1,129) was 770(63.2%), of which the under-corrected cases 380(49.3%) weregreater in number with the over corrected cases. The causes of not-wearing glasses in the students who belonged to the vision 0.5 or below indicated in prominence of numbers of 1) no complaints without glasses in 172(42.0%), 2) unwareness of the visual impairment in 77(20.0%), and 3) annoyance to wearing glasses in 51(13.4%), rather than economical reasons in 12(3.1%). The amblyopic components were estimated among 129 cases(3.2%) in combination of refractive errors. Further program to supply the glasses with appropriated prescription and the details on the practical aspects of related elements would be discussed.
Astigmatism ; Child ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Prescriptions ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Refractive Errors ; Vision Disorders*

611 children (297 boys and 314 girls) of a primary school were determined under 2% cyclogyl. (1) Among 611 children, refractive error was 70.46 % and emmetropia. 29.54 %. (2) As to the distribution of refractive errors, 72.47 % were hyperopic and 27.53 % myopic Hyperopia was more common than myopia. (3) Hyperopic refractive error was increased until 7 years of age. Since then it has been decreased 8.74 % yearly. Myopic refractive error has been increased 8.14 % yearly since 8 years of age. (4) The refractive errors were more frequent in women (37.81) than men (32.65 %) (5) Refractive errors were numerous around the age of 11. (24.77 %). (6) The degree of refractive errors varied, but in the great majority was less than 3 diopters. (7) As to the type of astigmatism; 59.42 % were with the rule and 39.94 % were against the rule.
Astigmatism ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Emmetropia ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Male ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

The autorefractometer alone without subjective refinement cannot be substituted for conventional complete refracting methods with subjective refinement. The auto refractometer can be used as a substitute for retinoscopy in determining the starting point for a subjective refraction. In this study, authors observed the prevalence, type, and degree of refractive errors in 409 eyes with normal visual acuity(20/20 or more). The results were as follows: 1. The autorefractometer tended to be on the minus side that is, overestimating myopia and understimating hyperopia-in all groups. 2. In objective refraction, 247 of 409 eyes with normal visual acuity had refractive error such as simple myopia(52 eyes), simple myopic astigmatism(122 eyes), compound myopic astigmatism (29 eyes), mixed astigmatism(39 eyes), and hyperopia(5 eyes). 3. In objective refraction, visual acuity was decreased with convex lens in hyperopia, mixed astigmatism and compound astigmatism were changed into simple myopic astigmatism. 4. Degree of astigmatism were less than 0.5 diopter in majority(92.8%). 5. In subjective refraction, 97 of 190 eyes were represented as simple myopic astigmatism, while 93 of 190 were normal, 63 of 97 astigmatism were "with the rule" and 34 of 97 astigmatism were "against the rule."
Astigmatism ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Prevalence ; Refractive Errors ; Retinoscopy ; Visual Acuity* ; Young Adult*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate visual acuity and refractive state in preschool children and to find the environmental factors that cause visual acuity and refractive change. METHODS: The initial subjects were 3, 225 preschool children, aged 4 to 6 years old, selected randomly from 15 preschools in Daejeon from August to November, 1997. Among them, 759 (23.5%) children showed 0.6 or less visual acuity or had different visual acuity of more than 2 lines between two eyes. In addition, 537 (70.8%) children who did not showed organic ocular abnormality during the first examination received refraction. Five years later, 120 (22.3%) children were reexamined and enrolled in this study. RESULTS: Uncorrected visual acuity was 0.44 (log MAR -0.36 +/- 0.27) and corrected visual acuity was 0.85 (logMAR -0.07 +/- 0.09) on average in 1997. Generally there was a myopic shift by -1.30 +/- 1.16 diopter (D) for 5 years (p<0.001) and astigmatism was significantly decreased by 0.32 +/- 0.48 D in the hyperopic group (p<0.001). The amount of myopic shift was lower in the children who were wearing eyeglasses than in those who were not in the hyperopic group (p<0.05). Corrected visual acuity was significantly increased by 0.13 (logMAR 0.06 +/- 0.08, p<0.001). The degree of myopic shift was larger in the children whose parents were wearing eyeglasses than in those whose parents were not wearing eyeglasses (p<0.05) but other environmental factors did not influence on visual acuity or refractive change. CONCLUSIONS: Early examination of visual acuity and refractive state, and adequate treatment are important to increase visual function in preschool children.
Astigmatism ; Child ; Child, Preschool* ; Eyeglasses ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Parents ; Refractive Errors* ; Visual Acuity*