Objective: We determined the frequency of refractive errors among Filipino patients undergoing refractive or cataract screening at an ambulatory eye-care center, correlated them with demographic and ophthalmic variables, and compared refractive and keratometric astigmatism. Methods Clinical records of 666 consecutive patients who had optical interferometry were reviewed and the demographic and clinical parameters obtained were subjected to statistical analyses.
Refractive Errors ; Astigmatism ; Myopia ; Hyperopia

Orthokeratology is the way to correct the myopia or astigmatism by flattening or the central cornea with specialty lenses. The range of correction is from − 2.50 to − 4.00 diopters after 10 days of fitting. The designs is constructed with flat base curve radius, steep reverse curve, flat alignment curve, and peripheral curve. This multi-cuve design enabled the orthokeratology lenses to stay on the cornea stably and effectively. Recently, the application of orthokeratology is extending to hyperopia and presbyopia. In the future, the amount of correction and the application of orthokeratology will increase more and more.
Astigmatism ; Cornea ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Presbyopia ; Prescriptions* ; Radius

We evaluated the type and the degree of refractive errors of 213 eyes in 124 children with anisometropic and refractive amblyopia aged 3 to 12 years. Of 213 eyes examined, the hyperopic refractive amblyopia was found in 51 eyes and the hyperopic astigmatism was seen in 74 eyes. Of 213 eyes examined, the myopic refactive amblyopia was found in 74 eyes. Of these 74 eyes, the simple myopia was seen in 15 eyes and the myopic astigmatism was seen in 61 eyes. Astigmatism was associated with myopia more than hyperopia. Astigmatism was found in 149 of 213 eyes. Of these 149 eyes, with thr rule astigmatism was found in 124 eyes. Of 213 eyes examined, anisometropic amblyopia was found in 49 eyes. The degree of anisometropia was distributed mostly from 1 D to 4 D.
Amblyopia* ; Anisometropia ; Astigmatism ; Child ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

Estimation of subjective visual acuity depends on the test type, size of object, illumination, distance, position of eyeball and head, and shape of palpebral fissure. The purpose of this study is to observe discrepancy between the correct subjective visual acuity obtained in ideal proper condition and the subjective visual acuity obtained by any means of squeezing, turning eyeball or head in refractive errors: myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. The results of this study were as follow: 1. Visual acuity with squeezing was better than normal visual acuity in all refractive errors. 2. Discrepancy between normal visual acuity and visual acuity with squeezing was the greatest in the myopia: Visual acuity with squeezing was the best in the myopia. Better visual acuity with squeezing was shown in the compound myopic astigmatism and next in the simple myopic astigmatism. The differance between those two kinds of visual acuities was not noticeable in the hyperopia and mixed astigmatism. 3. Discrepancy between normal visual acuity and visual acuity with squeezing was more in against-the-rule astigmatism than in with-the-rule astigmatism: Visual acuity with squeezing was better in against-the-rule astigmatism than in with-the-rule astigmatism. This study have shown that visual acuity should be measured not only in proper condition of test but also in proper position of a patient with refractive error, especially with myopia.
Astigmatism ; Head ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Lighting ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors* ; Visual Acuity*

518 children (282 boys and 236 girs) of a primary school were determined under mydrin-p instillation. (1) Among 518 children, Ammetropia was 43.6% emmetropia 56.4%. (2) As to the distribution of refractive error 38.2% were hyperopia and 4.1% myopic. (3) There was an anuual decrease in the incidence of hyperopia both in the country and city. In contrast, the incidence of myopia showed an annual increase in city only. (4) The majority of refractive error were less than 3 diopter. (5) "With the rule" astigmatism was more commonly found than "against the rule". (6) The incidence of myopia among primary school children in the country had dropped to 4.1 % as compared with 13.7% in city.
Astigmatism ; Child* ; Emmetropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Incidence ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

645 children (330 boys and 315 girls) of a primary school were determined under 2% Cyclogyl. (1) Among 645 children, refractive error was 57.2% and emmetropia 42.8%. (2) As to the distribution of refractive errors, 33.8% were hyperopic and 11.4% myopic. Hyperopia was more common than myopia. (3) Hyperopic refractive error was increased until 7 years of age. Since then it has been decreased yearly. Myopic refractive error has been increased yearly since 8 years of age. (4) The refractive errors were relatively equall rate in girls(28%) and boys(29%). (5) Refractive errors were numerous around the age of 7(24.7%). (6) The degree of refractive errors varied, but in the great majority was less than 3 diopters. (7) As to the type of astigmatism, 75% were with the rule and 23.7 were againat the rule. (8) The myopic refractive errors were decreased in 1973 year(24.7%) than 1957 year(27.5%).
Astigmatism ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Emmetropia ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

corneal aberrations in myopic patients.METHODS: This retrospective, observational case series included 57 eyes (29 patients) that received treatment for myopia using SMILE. Visual acuity measurement, manifest refraction, slit-lamp examination, autokeratometry, corneal topography, and evaluation of corneal wavefront aberration were performed preoperatively and at 1 and 3 months after surgery. We analyzed the safety, efficacy, vector parameters, and corneal aberrations at 3 months after surgery.RESULTS: Preoperatively, mean manifest refraction spherical equivalent refraction was −4.94 ± 1.94 D (range, −8.25 to 0 diopters [D]), and the cylinder was −1.14 ± 0.82 D (range, −3 to 0 D). Mean manifest refraction spherical equivalent improved to −0.10 ± 0.23 D at 3 months postoperatively, when uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20 / 20 or better in 55 (96%) eyes. The linear regression model of target induced astigmatism vector versus surgically induced astigmatism vector exhibited slopes and coefficients (R²) of 0.9618 and 0.9748, respectively (y = 0.9618x + 0.0006, R² = 0.9748). While total corneal root mean square higher order aberrations, coma and trefoil showed statistically significant increase, spherical aberration did not show statistically significant change after SMILE.CONCLUSIONS: SMILE has proven to be effective and safe for correcting myopia and astigmatism. We showed that SMILE did not induce spherical aberrations. A small increase in postoperative corneal higher order aberration may be associated with increase in coma and trefoil.]]>
Astigmatism ; Coma ; Corneal Topography ; Corneal Wavefront Aberration ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Lotus ; Myopia ; Refractive Surgical Procedures ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

The improvement of the visual acuity and protection of the eye is the main purpose of wearing spectacles. It was not until in 1270 that it was introduced to the people and at that time only the plus lens was utilized for presbyopia. Specific spectacles is regarded, in this report, as indicating those whose appllcation improves the visual acuity and those used for myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia are excluded. Some of these epecific spectacles are introduced here. 1. Hemianopsia spectacles. 2. Ambryopic spectacles (Low vision aids). 3. Ptosis Crutch spectacles. 4. Phakic-aphakic (P-A) spectacles. 5. Fresnel membranous lenses. 6. Varilux lenses. 7. Spectacles for widening restricted visual fields. 8. Contact lenses. 9. Pseudophakia (Binkhorst lenses).
Astigmatism ; Contact Lenses ; Eyeglasses* ; Hemianopsia ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Presbyopia ; Pseudophakia ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: To evaluate the refractive status, anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus in 3-year-old premature children. METHODS: A total of 161 eyes from 82 premature infants were retrospectively reviewed and divided into three groups according to the presence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and treatment; Group 1 (68 eyes): without ROP, Group 2-1 (32 eyes): spontaneously regressed ROP, and Group 2-2 (61 eyes): regressed ROP with treatment. The incidences and clinical features of refractive errors, anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus at the age of three years were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: The incidences of myopia, astigmatism, anisometropia and the severity of myopia increased according to the presence of ROP and treatment (p = 0.03, 0.02, 0.001, and 0.04, respectively). There were no significant differences in the incidences of hyperopia among the three groups; however, the severity of hyperopia in Group 2-2 was higher than those in the other two groups (p = 0.01). Patients in Group 1 had better best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) compared with those of the other two groups (p < 0.001). However, no significant differences in the incidences of strabismus or amblyopia among the three groups (p = 0.80 and 0.85, respectively) were found, and the ratio of esotropia : exotropia was 1:1.3. CONCLUSIONS: Regular ocular examination should be required in children who were born prematurely in order to detect and treat ophthalmologic problems such as refractive errors, amblyopia and strabismus.
Amblyopia ; Anisometropia ; Astigmatism ; Child ; Diterpenes ; Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Eye ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Myopia ; Preschool Child ; Refractive Errors ; Retinopathy of Prematurity ; Retrospective Studies ; Strabismus ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and subjective symptoms of patients who underwent presbyopic corneal surface ablation. METHODS: Excimer laser surgery with MEL80 for refractive errors and presbyopia was performed on 128 eyes of 67 patients. Uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity, distance-corrected near-visual acuity, spectacle near-addition for Jaeger 1, depth of focus, spherical aberration, and subjective symptoms were evaluated before surgery and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: This study consisted of a myopia group (56 eyes), an emmetropia group (spherical equivalent < or = +/-0.75D, 19 eyes), and a hyperopia group (53 eyes). Presbyopic corneal ablation improved distance and near uncorrected visual acuity, and distance-corrected near visual acuity at postoperative 12 months. There was no significant change in best-corrected visual acuity but there was a significant decrease in the emmetropia only group. Useful near visual acuity (> or =20/40) was found in 96 eyes (75%) and spectacle near addition for Jaeger 1 decreased. Our results showed a significant increase of spherical aberration (from -0.19 micrometer to 0.11 micrometer) and depth of focus (from 1.45D to 1.69D). A significant positive correlation was found between spherical aberration and uncorrected far and near visual acuity and depth of focus. Loss of two lines of best corrected visual acuity occurred in 11 eyes (8.5%) at far vision and in 7 eyes (5.5%) at near vision. In general, patient satisfaction was good. CONCLUSIONS: Presbyopic corneal ablation with MEL80 showed good distant and near visual results and a wide depth of focus induced by increased spherical aberration.
Emmetropia ; Eye ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Lasers, Excimer ; Myopia ; Patient Satisfaction ; Presbyopia ; Refractive Errors ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity