Child ; Drinking ; Drinking Water ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Recommended Dietary Allowances

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the colonic motility and nutrients intake in adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and to compare the results with those of normal adults. METHOD: Thirty-nine adults with CP were participated. They took the radioopaque markers for 3 successive days. Then, abdominal X-ray was taken on the fourth day. The total and segmental colon transits were estimated by the simplified assessment of a single-film technique by Metcalf et al. The amounts of nutrients intake for 3 days were recorded and nutritional factors were analyzed by ESHA(r) Food Processor. Then, daily intakes of the nutrients were compared with Recommended Dietary Allowance of Korean Nutrition Society. RESULT: Colon transit time were more than 2 times delayed in adults with CP as compared with those of normal controls. Colon transit time was significantly prolonged in non- functional ambulators (p<0.05). Colon transit time tended to be delayed in subjects with spastic type, but not related with the degree of cognitive function. On the evaluation of daily nutrients intake, several nutritional factors were inadequate in adults with CP. CONCLUSION: Adults with CP had the problems in colonic motility and nutritional intake. Also, delayed colon transit time was significantly related with poor mobility, and possibly related with spasticity.
Adult* ; Cerebral Palsy* ; Colon* ; Humans ; Muscle Spasticity ; Recommended Dietary Allowances

The present study determined the estimated dietary fiber (DF) intake per capita of Korean from 1991 to 2001 andanalyzed the major food sources of dietary fiber for Korean using the data on per capita consumption of each food reported in the Korean National (Health and) Nutrition Survey Reports and the recently established DF database by the Korean Nutrition Society. The estimated mean daily DF intakes of Korean during the last 11 years (1991~2001) were in the range of 19.25~21.22 g or 9.97~11.99 g/1,000 kcal with a small range of fluctuations. As of 2001, average DF intake per capita of Korean was estimated as 20.92 g or 10.59 g/1,000 kcal. The average DF intake level was under the Adequate Intake for DF (12 g per 1,000 kcal) of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans established in 2005. The level of DF intake was relatively lower in small city residents compared to the large city or rural area. The top two major food group sources of DF for Korean were vegetables and cereals, in addition, legumes, fruits, seaweeds and seasonings were included among top five food groups. The ratio of DF intake from fruits was gradually increased but the ratio from legumes was steadily decreased during the last 11 years. The mostly contributed single foods for DF intakes of Korean were Kimchi and rice regardless of year and area. Percentage of DF intake from top ten single foods was continuously decreased from 65% in 1991 to 51% in 2001. The results of this study revealed that DF intakes of Korean as of 2001 is insufficient compared to the Adequate Intake for DF for Korean and the source of fiber in Korean diet has been more various. Therefore the beneficial health effects of DF and the increased consumption of DF from a variety of food sources should be continuously emphasized through the nutritional education.
Diet ; Dietary Fiber* ; Edible Grain ; Education ; Fabaceae ; Fruit ; Nutrition Surveys ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Seasons ; Vegetables

The objectives of this study were to conduct preliminary research to investigate full course meals in Korean style restaurants in order: i) to analyze the nutrient contents of full course meals per servings, and ii) by analyzing the above, to examine the amount and the quality of the foods served in the full course meals by two different types of Korean style restaurants. A total of 27 restaurants participated in this study, 7 restaurants from the luxurious hotels in Seoul and 20 restaurants from the City of Changwon. A key finding was that restaurant patrons tended to overconsume nutrients as compared to the Korean Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), and restaurants generated large amounts of food wastes due to the excess food served. Other findings were as follows: 1) Compared with 1/3 or the Korean RDA, all the nutrients were oversupplied. The average nutrient ratios were about 3.7 times higher than 113 of the Korean RDA in calories, about 9 times higher in proteins, 10 times higher in phosphorus, 7 times higher in Vitamin Bl, and 12 times higher in Vitamin E. 2) Seventy-five percent (n = 20) of the restaurants served within the range of thirty to forty dishes, whereas most of the hotel restaurants (70%) served twenty dishes or fewer. 3) The average carbohydrate: protein: fat (CPF) ratio of caloric nutrients was 40:26:34. This study concluded that: i) Korean style full course meals provide too much food, nutrients, and calories, resulting in an over- or unbalanced nutrient intake, and ii) the Korean style full course meals consisted of a high-protein, high-fat and high-caloric intake, which is similar to a westernized caloric nutrient pattern. Such over -or unbalanced nutrient intake could cause chronic degenerative problems such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. These findings indicate that restaurants serving Korean style full course meals should carefully plan their menus in order to provide their customers with balanced meals. They should also be strongly encouraged to play an active role in improving their customers' nutritional status, as well as reducing the restaurants wastage of food. Lastly, further research should be conducted to improve the quality of the menus in Korean restaurants.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Meals* ; Nutritional Status ; Phosphorus ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Restaurants* ; Seoul* ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and foodservice satisfaction of homebound elderly had lunch at the local community centers by the difference of meal service charge. Two local community center with congregate meal service program located in Daegu and Gyongsan were selected; one with free of meal service charge (F), and the other with 500-1,000 won for meal service charge (K). According to the dietary assessment, energy and nutrient intakes of the 156 elderly subjects were as a whole under the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Elderly of F service center showed higher % RDA for the selected nutrients and MAR (mean adequacy ratio) than those of K service center (p<0.001). Participants were satisfied with most of the congregation meal service from community center with different reasons such as 'tasty (K service center)' and 'free of charge (F service center)'. In conclusion, elderly had the lunch at the community center with free of meal service charge was poor nutrition status and lower socioeconomic level than the other type of community center in this area. Therefore, healthy menu for elderly should be developed and managed by professional dietitian, as well as its impact on health status of this group, and congregate meal service system might be extended to the homebound elderly of whole community with free of charge.
Aged* ; Daegu ; Humans ; Lunch ; Meals* ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritionists ; Recommended Dietary Allowances

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and foodservice satisfaction of homebound elderly had lunch at the local community centers by the difference of meal service charge. Two local community center with congregate meal service program located in Daegu and Gyongsan were selected; one with free of meal service charge (F), and the other with 500-1,000 won for meal service charge (K). According to the dietary assessment, energy and nutrient intakes of the 156 elderly subjects were as a whole under the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Elderly of F service center showed higher % RDA for the selected nutrients and MAR (mean adequacy ratio) than those of K service center (p<0.001). Participants were satisfied with most of the congregation meal service from community center with different reasons such as 'tasty (K service center)' and 'free of charge (F service center)'. In conclusion, elderly had the lunch at the community center with free of meal service charge was poor nutrition status and lower socioeconomic level than the other type of community center in this area. Therefore, healthy menu for elderly should be developed and managed by professional dietitian, as well as its impact on health status of this group, and congregate meal service system might be extended to the homebound elderly of whole community with free of charge.
Aged* ; Daegu ; Humans ; Lunch ; Meals* ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritionists ; Recommended Dietary Allowances

This study was carried out to investigate the perception of body image, the dietary attitude, the nutrient intake and the dietary self-efficacy of middle school students in Kyoung-Nam. The survey was conducted from April 8 to April 22 in 2002. The results are summarized as follows. Twenty three point nine percents of the underweight group, 24.5% of the normal weight group, 57.1% of the overweight group and 62.5% of the obese group had correct perception about their body image. Most of the students were concerned about their body image and weight control. The obesity of the parents correlated significantly with the obesity of the subjects. The higher the obesity rate, the lower the dietary attitude and dietary self-efficacy. There was a significant positive correlation between the education level of their mothers and the dietary attitude of the subjects and a significant negative correlation between the obesity rate of the subjects and their dietary attitudes. Dietary attitude scores showed no significant difference among the groups. Intakes of calories, protein, calcium and iron were lower than those of the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDAs).
Body Image ; Calcium ; Education ; Humans ; Iron ; Mothers ; Obesity* ; Overweight ; Parents ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Thinness

OBJECTIVES: New retinol activity equivalent (RAE) was introduced as vitamin A unit in Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Koreans 2015. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of 2015 reference intake (RI) of vitamin A in RAE unit by the comparison with RI and dietary intake of vitamin A. METHODS: Analyses on RI of vitamin A were based on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans (1962~2000) and DRIs for Koreans (2005~2015). Analyses on Koreans dietary intake of vitamin A were based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) reports (1969-2014). For recalculation of RI and dietary intake of vitamin A in RE to RAE, 2013 Koreans intake of retinol: carotenoids ratio of 13: 87 was applied. RESULTS: RI of vitamin A was 600~750 RE for Korean adult, and 339~425 RAE when calculated by applying the retinol and carotenoids intake ratio. Vitamin A intakes of Koreans were <100% RI, 267~668 RE from 1969 to 2001. From 2005, vitamin A intake had increased to >700 RE, >100% RI. When vitamin A intake was converted from RE to RAE (2005~2014), 718~864 RE became 405.8~488.1 RAE, decreased to 56.5% level. The recent 2015 RI of vitamin A is 850 RAE, two times of 2005 & 2010 RI of 425 RAE for adult male. CONCLUSIONS: When nutritional status of vitamin A was assessed for Koreans using the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 2015 (570, 460 RAE for male, female adults, respectively), ratio of deficient people increased significantly when judged based on the previous intake of Koreans, <490 RAE. We needs to examine the 2015 RI (EAR) of vitamin A, find a way to measure the accurate intake of dietary vitamin A, and to increase the dietary intake of this vitamin.
Adult ; Carotenoids ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Vitamin A* ; Vitamins*

This purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrient intake, the health status as determined self-assessment checklist, biochemical indicators of elderly Korean women. We interviewed and 55 female subjects living alone in the Urban aged over 65 years. Information on their dietary intake was collected by 24-hour Recall method. Their health status was determined by a NSI checklist. Biochemical indicators were performed in whole blood and plasma of subjects. Except for protein, Fe, all of the elderly subjects belonged to over moderate nutritional risk. The average daily nutrient intake of the elderly was below the level of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for Koreans. A relationship between their health risk score and nutrient intake was observed negatively (not significantly). They had a risk of anemia as hemoglobin and hematocrit of subjects were under the normal value. Therefore, the reason that health risk score and health status badly was thought for lower nutrient intake.
Aged* ; Anemia ; Checklist ; Female ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Plasma ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Reference Values ; Risk Factors* ; Self-Assessment

PURPOSE: Recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C was determined without considering the important function of vitamin C as a first-line antioxidant. We measured the whole blood and plasma vitamin C concentrations of healthy middle and high school students in Chinju to assess the optimal daily vitamin C requirement in these age groups. METHODS: Whole blood and plasma vitamin C concentrations were measured by the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method in 780 students from 1st to 3rd grade of at a middle school and high school in Chinju during June 1996. RESULTS: Whole blood and plasma vitamin C concentrations were 1.42+/-0.40mg/dL and 0.92+/-0.40 mg/dL, respectively. Whole blood and plasma vitamin C concentrations decreased as the school grade became higher. Whole blood and plasma vitamin C concentrations did not differ between females and males in the middle school. However, female high school students had a significantly higher whole blood and plasma vitamin C concentrations than male high school students(P<0.001). Fourteen of 390 middle school students(3.4%) and 23 of 390 high school students(5.9%) had whole blood vitamin C concentrations of less than 0.8mg/dL. Forty-six of 390 middle school students (11.7%) and 113 of 390 high school students(29.0%) had plasma vitamin C concentrations less than 0.6mg/dL. Especially, 45.2% of male high school students had plasma vitamin C concentrations of less than 0.6mg/dL. CONCLUSION: Some adolescents, especially almost half the male high school students, didn't have satisfactory plasma vitamin C levels.
Adolescent ; Ascorbic Acid* ; Female ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Humans ; Male ; Plasma* ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Vitamins*