The method of event-related potentials (ERP) was used to study the gender difference in face recognition. The stimuli in the experiment were 10 upright and 10 inverted face photos. The subjects, half female and half male, were asked to judge whether the face was upright or inverted. The results showed that the N170 wave forms were observed in the occipito-temporal regions and they were found exhibiting brain's right hemispheric dominance. The stimuli of different gender photos were noticed to have no significant impact on the N170 wave forms, but there were significant differentce in the amplitude and latency period of N170 between different gender participants. Moreover, there was marked difference in the latency period of the male participants watching the same gender face and different gender face. Similar results were not found in the ERP's latency period of female participants.
Adult ; Brain ; physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Face ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Form Perception ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; physiology ; Recognition (Psychology) ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of 5-HT and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in the stress adaptation. METHODS: p-PCA was used to deplete the 5-HT in rats. The 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT and antagonist WAY100635 were used to determine the effect of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors on the ratso behaviors in the Elevated Plus-Maze test, the Forced Swimming test, and the Morris Water Maze test. RESULTS: Compared with the intact rats, the 5-HT depleted rats showed more seriously anxious behaviors in the Elevated Plus-Maze test and more obvious learned helplessness in the Forced Swimming test. After having been stressed the 5-HT depleted rats showed significantly impaired learning and memory compared with the intact rats according to Morris Water Maze test. Activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors by 8-OH-DPAT in the 5-HT depleted rats or the 5-HT depleted stress rats significantly decreased the symptoms of anxiety and learned helplessness behaviors which were prevented by the treatment of WAY100635. The 8-OH-DPAT and WAY100635 had no obvious effect on the 5-HT depletion or 5-HT depleted stress rats in the Morris Water Maze test. CONCLUSION Deficiency of 5-HT in rats may suppress its ability to stress adaptation. Activation of post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors can attenuate the anxiety and depressive behavior symptoms, and facilitate rats to adapt stress.
Affect ; physiology ; Animals ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A ; physiology ; Recognition, Psychology ; physiology ; Restraint, Physical ; Serotonin ; physiology ; Stress, Psychological ; metabolism ; psychology ; Synaptosomes ; chemistry

The two basic scripts of the Korean writing system, Hanja (the logography of the traditional Korean character) and Hangul (the more newer Korean alphabet), have been used together since the 14th century. While Hanja character has its own morphemic base, Hangul being purely phonemic without morphemic base. These two, therefore, have substantially different outcomes as a language as well as different neural responses. Based on these linguistic differences between Hanja and Hangul, we have launched two studies; first was to find differences in cortical activation when it is stimulated by Hanja and Hangul reading to support the much discussed dual-route hypothesis of logographic and phonological routes in the brain by fMRI (Experiment 1). The second objective was to evaluate how Hanja and Hangul affect comprehension, therefore, recognition memory, specifically the effects of semantic transparency and morphemic clarity on memory consolidation and then related cortical activations, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Experiment 2). The first fMRI experiment indicated relatively large areas of the brain are activated by Hanja reading compared to Hangul reading. The second experiment, the recognition memory study, revealed two findings, that is there is only a small difference in recognition memory for semantic transparency, while for the morphemic clarity was much larger between Hanja and Hangul. That is the morphemic clarity has significantly more effect than semantic transparency on recognition memory when studies by fMRI in correlation with behavioral study.
Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping/*methods ; Brain Waves/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neurolinguistic Programming ; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology ; Writing

BACKGROUND: The facial expression of medical staff has been known to greatly affect the psychological state of patients, making them feel uneasy or conversely, cheering them up. By clarifying the characteristics of facial expression recognition ability in patients with Lewy body disease, the aim of this study is to examine points to facilitate smooth communication between caregivers and patients with the disease whose cognitive function has deteriorated. METHODS: During the period from March 2016 to July 2017, we examined the characteristics of recognition of the six facial expressions of "happiness," "sadness," "fear," "anger," "surprise," and "disgust" for 107 people aged 60 years or more, both outpatient and inpatient, who hospital specialists had diagnosed with Lewy body diseases of Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease with dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Based on facial expression recognition test results, we classified them by cluster analysis and clarified features of each type. RESULTS: In patients with Lewy body disease, happiness was kept unaffected by aging, age of onset, duration of the disease, cognitive function, and apathy; however, recognizing the facial expression of fear was difficult. In addition, due to aging, cognitive decline, and apathy, the facial expression recognition ability for sadness and anger decreased. In particular, cognitive decline reduced recognition of all of the facial expressions except for happiness. The test accuracy rates were classified into three types using the cluster analysis: "stable type," "mixed type," and "reduced type". In the "reduced type", the overall facial recognition ability declined except happiness, and in the mixed type, recognition ability of anger particularly declined. CONCLUSION There were several facial expressions that the Lewy body disease patients were unable to accurately identify. Caregivers are recommended to make an effort to compensate for such situations with language or body contact, etc., as a way to convey correct feeling to the patients of each type.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cluster Analysis ; Cognition ; physiology ; Emotions ; Facial Expression ; Facial Recognition ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Lewy Body Disease ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Male ; Middle Aged