BACKGROUNDWe determined the diagnosis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis (HHT) in a suspected HHT family, identified ALK1 gene mutation and established a gene diagnosis method of HHT. The level of related plasma proteins (transforming growth factor beta and thrombomodulin) were also analyzed.

METHODSBleeding history and family history were collected; Dilatant nasal mucosal capillaries in proband were observed under nasal cavity endoscope; exons 3, 7, 8 of ALK1 gene in proband and her family members were amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the PCR products were analyzed. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), plasma TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 concentrations were measured. Plasma thrombomodulin (TM) level was detected by Western blotting.

RESULTSOf all family members, four had epstaxis, two had evident telangiectases on skin or mucosa. Gene screening results showed that C to T substitution at position 1231 in exon 8 of ALK1 gene (CGG-->TGG) existed in proband, her affected brother and their father. The mutation did not exist in proband's sister-in-law and nephew. Plasma TGF-beta1 concentrations in the affected HHT was 20,538, 17,194, 13,131 pg/ml, while that of normal control and unaffected family members was 15,950, 20,297, 12,836 pg/ml, respectively. Plasma TGF-beta2 in HHT patients was 14,502, 9550, 10,592 and that of normal controls 8579, 20,297, 7680 pg/ml respectively. Level of plasma TM was in HHT subjects significantly lower than in normal subjects.

CONCLUSIONSChinese HHT individuals have mutant ALK1 gene, a C1231T variation on exon 8 of ALK1 is responsible for HHT clinical phenotypes in this family. ALK1 gene analysis, together with special clinical phenotypes and family history, provides a reliable method in diagnosing HHT. In affected HHT subjects, plasma TGFbeta levels were not obviously different from those of normal subject; while plasma TM concentration was significantly lower than that in normal subjects. The significance and mechanism remain to be elucidated.

Activin Receptors, Type I ; genetics ; Activin Receptors, Type II ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic ; blood ; genetics ; Thrombomodulin ; blood ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; blood

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) plays a central role in telomere lengthening for continuous cell proliferation, but it remains unclear how extracellular cues regulate telomerase lengthening of telomeres. Here we report that the cytokine bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) induces the hTERT gene repression in a BMPRII receptor- and Smad3-dependent manner in human breast cancer cells. Chonic exposure of human breast cancer cells to BMP7 results in short telomeres, cell senescence and apoptosis. Mutation of the BMPRII receptor, but not TGFbRII, ACTRIIA or ACTRIIB receptor, inhibits BMP7-induced repression of the hTERT gene promoter activity, leading to increased telomerase activity, lengthened telomeres and continued cell proliferation. Expression of hTERT prevents BMP7-induced breast cancer cell senescence and apoptosis. Thus, our data suggest that BMP7 induces breast cancer cell aging by a mechanism involving BMPRII receptor- and Smad3-mediated repression of the hTERT gene.
Actin-Related Protein 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Activin Receptors, Type II ; genetics ; metabolism ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II ; genetics ; metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cellular Senescence ; Female ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; MCF-7 Cells ; Neoplasm Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; genetics ; metabolism ; Smad3 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Telomerase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Telomere Homeostasis

OBJECTIVETo explore the expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and its type I receptors activin-like kinase 1 (ALK1) and ALK5 mRNA in the development of brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM).

METHODSThe mRNA expressions of TGFbeta1, ALK1and ALK5 were detected with semiquantitative RT-PCR in patients with BAVM.

RESULTSThe expressions of TGFbeta1 and ALK5 mRNA increased significantly in BAVM, and their relative expression quantity were 0.777-/+0.047 and 0.585-/+0.074, respectively. However, ALK1 mRNA expression declined significantlies with a relative expression of 0.173-/+0.044 in comparison with the control group (0.720-/+0.098, P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe balance of TGFbeta1 and its type I receptors ALK1 and ALK5 mRNA expressions may play important role in the development of BAVM.

Activin Receptors, Type II ; genetics ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; genetics

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the biological responses of cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSC) at different differentiated stages on exotic transforming growth factor (TGF-beta1).

METHODSHSC was isolated from rat and primarily cultured in uncoated disc for 1 d, 4 d and 7 d, when the cells were at quiescent, intermediate activated and full activated stages respectively. The cells were incubated with 10 pmol/L to 500 pmol/L TGF-beta1 for 24 h, cell proliferation was measured with [3H] TdR incorporation, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and type I collagen protein were assayed with Western blot, and total protein secretion in the culture supernatant was analyzed by [3H] proline pulse and collagenase digestion. HSC was treated with 100 pmol/L TGF- beta1 for 15 min to 90 min, and type I pro-collagen mRNA level was assayed by Northern blot.

RESULTSTGF-beta1 remarkably inhibited d1 HSC proliferation, the percentage of [3H] TdR incorporation at 10 pmol/L to 500 pmol/L TGF-beta1 was 52.8% to 16.8% of the control, q value was 5.44 to 10.37 and P<0.01 vs control. But TGF-beta1 had no influence on d4 and d7 HSC. As the cells cultivation prolonged and activated, the basal levels of alpha-SMA, type I collagen and gene expression increased gradually. TGF-beta1 increased the above protein and gene expression. The basal and TGF-beta1 stimulated total protein secretion levels at d1-d7 HSC were 804+/-274 vs 1200+/-708; 2966+/-1701 vs 6160+/-1123, t=3.84, P<0.01; 2580+/-767 vs 4583+/-1467, t=2.96, P<0.05. While d4 HSC showed the strongest response of total protein secretion and alpha-SMA expression.

CONCLUSIONSTGF-beta1 remarkably inhibited quiescent HSC proliferation, and promoted HSC collagen production at both quiescent and activated HSC. Intermediate HSC had the strongest response to TGF-beta1, while activated HSC lost the response to TGF-beta1 inhibitory growth, and TGF-beta1 exerted divergent actions on HSC as the cells activated.

Activin Receptors, Type I ; analysis ; Animals ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Collagen Type I ; genetics ; Liver ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; analysis ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; pharmacology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1

Activin Receptors, Type I ; analysis ; Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Liver Regeneration ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rats ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; analysis ; Sodium Glutamate ; Transforming Growth Factor alpha ; analysis ; genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; analysis ; genetics

BACKGROUNDTransforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis but their relationship during lesion progression are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of MMP-9, TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta receptor I (TbetaR-I) in human atherosclerotic plaque and their relationship and plaque stability.

METHODSSpecimens of human coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques were obtained from 41 patients undergoing coronary endarterectomy, and were paraffin embedded, sectioned at 4 microm intervals then stained with haematoxylin and eosin. They were divided into stable (with no or only little lipid core) and unstable plaque groups (with lipid core size > 40%): the immunohistochemical staining were performed for MMP-9, TGF-beta1 and TbetaR-I.

RESULTSThe expression of MMP-9 in the unstable plaques was much higher than in the stable ones, but the expression of TGF-beta1 was higher in the stable plaques. There was no similar significant difference for TbetaR-I. Correlation analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between the expression of MMP-9 and TGF-beta1 (r = -0.332, P = 0.034 for average areal density; r = -0.373, P = 0.016 for average optical density).

CONCLUSIONSThere were close relationships between MMP-9, TGF-beta1 and plaque stability. Enhanced production of MMP-9 may participate in the formation of unstable plaque, while TGF-beta1 maybe an important stabilizing factor in preventing transition into an unstable plaque phenotype.

Activin Receptors, Type I ; analysis ; Coronary Artery Disease ; metabolism ; pathology ; Extracellular Matrix ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; analysis ; Middle Aged ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; analysis ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; analysis ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1

PURPOSE: To examine the effectiveness of small-molecule inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) type I receptor, an activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), on erectile dysfunction (ED) in a rat model of cavernous fibrosis, in which fibrosis was induced by intracavernous injection of adenovirus expressing TGF-beta1 (Ad-TGF-beta1). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=10 per group): age-matched controls without treatment, age-matched controls receiving intracavernous injection of LacZ adenovirus, and cavernous fibrosis rats receiving an intracavernous injection of saline or ALK5 inhibitor (5 mg/kg). ALK5 inhibitor or saline was administered on day 5 after injection of Ad-TGF-beta1. On day 30, erectile function was assessed by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve and the penis was then harvested for histologic studies (n=6 per group) and for the measurement of the hydroxyproline level (n=4 per group). RESULTS: Ad-TGF-beta1-induced cavernous fibrosis rats treated with saline showed a significant decrease in cavernous smooth muscle and endothelial content, and an increase in collagen deposition, which resulted in profound deterioration of all erectile function parameters, such as the ratios of maximal intracavernous pressure (ICP), total ICP, and slope to mean arterial pressure. ALK5 inhibitor significantly restored erectile function in a rat model of cavernous fibrosis by increasing cavernous smooth muscle and endothelial content, and by blocking cavernous fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that inhibition of the TGF-beta pathway is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ED related to cavernous fibrosis from various causes.
Activin Receptors ; Adenoviridae ; Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Caves ; Collagen ; Electric Stimulation ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Fibrosis ; Hydroxyproline ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth ; Penis ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1

Little is known about the involvement of Smad-related molecules in the regulation of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway during hepatocarcinogenesis, particularly with respect to preneoplastic lesions of a rat liver. The aims of this study were to investigate the localizations and temporal expressions of TGF-beta Receptor Type 1 (TGR1) and Smads during the promotion stage of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. We investigated expressions and localizations of TGR1, Smad2, Smad4, and Smad7 by using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in preneoplastic lesions during rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis induced by Solt and Farber's method. The down-regulation of TGR1, Sma-d2, and Smad4 was evident during the later steps of the promotion stage of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. In contrast with other Smads, increased Smad7 expression was evident during the later steps of the promotion stage. Also immunohistochemistry revealed that the main site of TGR1, Smad2, Smad4, and Smad7 expression was mainly in hepatocytes of the preneoplastic lesions of a rat liver. Dysregulation of the downstream effectors of TGF-beta such as TGR1, Smad2, Smad4 and, Smad7 might contribute to the progression of preneoplastic lesions during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in a rat.
Activin Receptors, Type I/*biosynthesis ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*biosynthesis ; Disease Progression ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Liver/metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms/chemically induced ; Male ; Peptides/chemistry ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/*biosynthesis ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Signal Transduction ; Time Factors ; Trans-Activators/*biosynthesis

OBJECTIVETo study transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) autoproduction in keloid fibroblasts and the regulation effect of blocking TGF-beta intracellular signaling on rhTGF-beta1 autoproduction.

METHODSKeloid fibroblasts cultured in vitro were treated with either rhTGF-beta1 (5 ng/ml) or recombinant adenovirus containing a truncated type II TGF-beta receptor gene (50 pfu/cell). Their effects of regulating gene expression of TGF-beta1 and its receptor I and II were observed with Northern blot.

RESULTSrhTGF-beta1 up-regulated the gene expression of TGF-beta1 and receptor I, but not receptor II. Over-expression of the truncated receptor II down-regulated the gene expression of TGF-beta1 and its receptor I, but not receptor II.

CONCLUSIONSTGF-beta1 autoproduction was observed in keloid fibroblasts. Over-expression of the truncated TGFbeta receptor II decreased TGF-beta1 autoproduction via blocking TGF-beta receptor signaling.

Activin Receptors, Type I ; biosynthesis ; pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Down-Regulation ; Fibroblasts ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Keloid ; metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; biosynthesis ; metabolism ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation

PURPOSE: Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is the key fibrogenic cytokine associated with Peyronie's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to determine the antifibrotic effect of 3-((5-(6-Methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(quinoxalin-6-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl) methyl)benzamide (IN-1130), a small-molecule inhibitor of the TGF-beta type I receptor activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), in fibroblasts isolated from human PD plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plaque tissue from a patient with PD was used for primary fibroblast culture, and we then characterized primary cultured cells. Fibroblasts were pretreated with IN-1130 (10 microM) and then stimulated with TGF-beta1 protein (10 ng/ml). We determined the inhibitory effect of IN-1130 on TGF-beta1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 or the nuclear translocation of Smad proteins in fibroblasts. Western blot analyses for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibronectin, collagen I, and collagen IV were performed to evaluate effect of IN-1130 on the production of extracellular matrix proteins. RESULTS: The treatment of fibroblasts with TGF-beta1 significantly increased phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 and induced translocation of Smad proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Pretreatment with IN-1130 substantially inhibited TGF-beta1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 and nuclear accumulation of Smad proteins. The TGF-beta1-induced production of extracellular matrix proteins was also significantly inhibited by treatment with IN-1130 and returned to basal levels. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of TGF-beta and activation of Smad transcriptional factors are known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, inhibition of the TGF-beta signaling pathway by ALK5 inhibitor may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treating PD.
Activin Receptors ; Activins ; Blotting, Western ; Cells, Cultured ; Collagen ; Cytoplasm ; Extracellular Matrix ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; Fibroblasts ; Fibronectins ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; Male ; Penile Induration ; Phosphorylation ; Plasminogen Activators ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Quinoxalines ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Smad Proteins ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1