BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the precise association between beta-2 adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) polymorphism and Ischemic stroke. METHODS: Published case control studies on association between beta2AR and ischemic stroke were searched from electronic databases. Pooled Odds ratio and 95% Confidence interval were calculated by using software RevMan version 5.2. RESULTS: A total of three studies involving 1,642 cases and 1,673 controls, which were published from 2007 to 2014, were subjected to meta-analysis for allelic association and 518 cases and 510 controls for genotypic association. Pooled analysis of two studies for genotypic association suggested that subjects carrying Gln27Glu polymorphism of beta2AR had an increased risk for Ischemic stroke under recessive model (OR 2.09; 95% CI; 1.20 to 3.64) and under dominant model (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.90). Pooled analysis of three studies for allelic association showed a significantly higher Glu27 allele of beta2AR in the patients with ischemic stroke (OR 1.58; 95% CI; 1.38 to 1.81). CONCLUSIONS: The present meta-analysis suggests that Gln27Glu polymorphism of beta2AR gene is associated with increased risk for ischemic stroke.
Alleles ; Case-Control Studies ; Cerebral Infarction ; Humans ; Odds Ratio ; Receptors, Adrenergic* ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ; Stroke*

BACKGROUND: The beta2 adrenergic receptor (beta2 AR) polymorphisms occurring at amino acid position 16 (Arg to Gly), 27 (Gln to Glu), 34 (Val to Met), and 164 (Thr to Ile) are known to be functionally relevant and also disease-modifying in subjects with asthma. However the contribution of these polymorphisms to the development of the asthmatic phenotype or other markers for allergic disease remains to be established. METHODS: 109 patients with bronchial asthma and 42 healthy person were included. Serum total IgE, allergen specific IgE, and skin prick test were performed to all of the subjects. beta2 AR polymorphisms were checked by mutated allele specific amplification (MASA) method. RESULTS: The results were as follows. The frequencies of beta2 AR polymorphisms in asthmatic patients and healthy person were not statistically different(p>0.05). There was no association between beta2 AR polymorphisms of amino acid position 16, 27, 34 and the existence of atopy among asthmatic patients (p>0.05). Between asthmatic patients with or without elevated IgE level and beta2 AR polymorphisms of amino acid position 16, 27, 34, there was no statistically significant association(p>0.05). CONCLUSION: There was no difference in frequency of the beta2 AR polymorphism between asthmatic patients and healthy person. In the bronchial asthma, association of beta2 AR polymorphism and atopy/serum total IgE was not found.
Alleles ; Asthma ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E* ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ; Skin

A large number of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) agonists and antagonists are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and other diseases. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether these commonly used β-AR drugs can activate downstream β- arrestin-biased signaling pathways. The objective of this study was to investigate β-arrestin2 recruitment effects of β-AR agonists and antagonists that were commonly used in clinical practice. We used TANGO (transcriptional activation following arrestin translocation) assay to detect the β-arrestin2 recruitment by β-AR ligands in HEK293 cell line (HTLA cells) stably transfected with tetracycline transactivator protein (tTA) dependent luciferase reporter and β-arrestin2-TEV fusion gene. Upon activation of β-AR by a β-AR ligand, β-arrestin2 was recruited to the C terminus of the receptor, followed by cleavage of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) fusion protein at the TEV protease-cleavage site. The cleavage resulted in the release of tTA, which, after being transported to the nucleus, activated transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. The results showed that β-AR non-selective agonists epinephrine, noradrenaline and isoprenaline all promoted β-arrestin2 recruitment at β1-AR and β2-AR. β1-AR selective agonists dobutamine and denopamine both promoted β-arrestin2 recruitment at β1-AR. β2-AR selective agonists procaterol and salbutamol promoted β-arrestin2 recruitment at β2-AR. β-AR non-selective antagonists alprenolol and pindolol promoted β-arrestin2 recruitment at β1-AR. β1-AR selective antagonists celiprolol and bevantolol showed β-arrestin2 recruitment at β1-AR. β2-AR selective antagonists butoxamine showed β-arrestin2 recruitment at β1-AR. These results provide some clues for the potential action of β-AR drugs, and lay a foundation for the screening of β-arrestin-biased β-AR ligands.
Humans ; beta-Arrestin 2/metabolism* ; HEK293 Cells ; Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology* ; Isoproterenol/pharmacology* ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism* ; Norepinephrine/pharmacology*

DNA was extracted from the peripheral venous blood of 338 subjects using BLOOD DNA MINI KIT. The 5 site SNP in 3 subtypes of Beta-AR were genotyped by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) and allele-specific primer PCR techniques. The genotypes combination distribution of SNP at 5 sites in the 3 subtypes of Beta-AR were determined by clustering analysis technique. The natural combination distribution characteristics for SNP at 5 sites in the 3 subtypes of Beta-AR in 338 subjects were obtained. Sixty-seven combinations types were found. The preceding 5 combinations in the natural combination distribution of the SNP were: (1) The genotype combination of forty subjects was B1-AR S/S49+B1-AR R/R389+B2-AR R/G16+B2-AR Q/E27+B3-AR W/W64, its probability was 11.83%. (2) The genotype combination of thirty-three subjects was B1-AR S/S49+B1-AR R/R389+B2-AR R/G16+B2-AR Q/Q27+B3-AR W/W64, its probability was 9.76%. (3) The genotype combination of nineteen subjects was B1-AR S/S49+B1-AR R/G389+B2-AR R/G16+B2-AR Q/Q27+B3-AR W/W64, its probability was 5.62%. (4) The genotype combination of sixteen subjects was B1-AR S/S49+B1-AR R/G389+B2-AR R/G16+B2-AR Q/E27+B3-AR W/W64, its probability was 4.74%. (5) The genotype combination of thirteen subjects was B1-AR S/G49+B1-AR R/R389+B2-AR R/G16+B2-AR Q/E27+B3-AR W/W64, its probability was 3.85%. The obvious correlations exist among full sample and female or male subgroup, and between female and male subgroups.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; genetics ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta ; classification ; genetics ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 ; genetics ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ; genetics ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the alteration of expressions of beta(1)-, beta(2)-, beta(3)-adrenoceptor mRNA in human myocardial tissue and the relation between their expressions and cardiac function in patient with heart failure.

METHODSThe mRNA expressions of beta(1)-, beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenergic receptors in myocardial tissue were analyzed by using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in 24 patients with heart failure of valvular heart disease and 5 control subjects.

RESULTSBeta(1)-adrenergic receptor mRNA expressions in myocardium were significantly lower in patients with heart failure than those in control subjects, and progressively reduced with aggravation of heart function. By contrast, beta(3)-adrenoceptor mRNA expressions were significantly higher in patients with heart failure than those in controls, and progressively elevated with aggravation of cardiac function. No difference was observed in beta(2)-adrenergic receptor among all groups.

CONCLUSIONThe changes of beta-adrenergic receptor mRNA expression are associated with the severity of heart failure.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Heart Failure ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 ; genetics ; metabolism

In the heart, stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors (betaAR) serves as the most powerful means to increase cardiac contractility and relaxation in response to stress or a "fight-or-flight" situation. However, sustained beta-adrenergic stimulation promotes pathological cardiac remodeling such as myocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis and necrosis, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure. Over the past decade, compelling evidence has demonstrated that coexisting cardiac betaAR subtypes, mainly beta(1)AR and beta (2)AR, activate markedly different signaling cascades. As a result, acute beta(1)AR stimulation activates the G(s) -adenylyl cyclase-cAMP-PKA signaling that can broadcast throughout the cell, whereas beta(2)AR-evoked cAMP signaling is spatially and functionally compartmentalized, due to concurrent G(i) activation. Chronic stimulation of beta(1)AR and beta(2)AR elicits opposing effects on the fate of cardiomyocytes: beta(1)AR induces hypertrophy and apoptosis; but beta(2)AR promotes cell survival. The cardiac protective effect of beta(2)AR is mediated by a signaling pathway sequentially involving G(i), G(betagamma), PI3K and Akt. Unexpectedly, beta(1)AR-induced myocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis are independent of the classic cAMP/PKA pathway, but require activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMK II). The outcomes of cardiac-specific transgenic overexpression of either beta AR subtype in mice have reinforced the fundamentally different functional roles of these betaAR subtypes in governing cardiac remodeling and performance. These new insights regarding betaAR subtype stimulation not only provide clues as to cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of beta AR blockers in patients with chronic heart failure, but also delineate rationale for combining selective beta(1)AR blockade with moderate beta(2)AR activation as a potential novel therapy for the treatment of chronic heart failure.
Adenylyl Cyclases ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ; metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Heart ; physiology ; Heart Failure ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta ; classification ; physiology ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 ; physiology ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ; physiology ; Signal Transduction

PURPOSE: Development of asthma involves the interaction between genetic factors and environmental stimuli. This study aims to investigate whether major single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s and their haplotypes of the ADRB2 (beta2-adrenoceptor) gene are associated with children with asthma in Korea. METHODS: Children with asthma aging 5 to 15 years old were recruited as the patient group, and children without respiratory diseases or asthma of the same age were recruited as the control group. Blood samples of 5 mL were collected and DNA was extracted by standard methods. Genotyping was done for 6 SNPs known to have a frequency of more than 4%, including 1309A>G, 1342C>G, 1515G>A, 1786C>A, 2316G>C, 2502G>A. RESULTS: Overall, 438 subjects (214 patients and 224 controls) were included in this study. Minor allele homozygote frequency of 6 SNP were 22%, 1.8%, 11%, 12.3%, 21.2% and 13.0%, respectively. Differences between both groups of individual SNP frequencies were not statistically significant, although the difference of the frequency of the second SNP (1342C>G) has borderline significance (P=0.06). Overall distributions of haplotypes were not significantly different between both groups. However, analysis of specific SNPs among haplotypes revealed that haplotypes including the 2nd SNP were significantly associated with asthma (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.6). Combinations of haplotypes excluding the 2nd SNP did not show significant difference between both groups. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the ADRB2 gene polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to childhood asthma and that analysis of haplotypes rather than SNPs is more reliable in this association.
Aging ; Alleles ; Asthma ; Child ; DNA ; Haplotypes ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene (beta 2AR) polymorphism at position 16, 27, 164 is in association with asthma susceptibility or asthmatic phenotype (including nocturnal asthma, serum IgE level, bronchial responsiveness, the status of asthmatics).

METHODSBy using PCR-RFLP and allelic-specific PCR (ASP), the polymorphism of beta 2AR gene at position 16, 27, 164 in 125 Han origin asthmatics and 96 normal healthy controls with the same ethnic nearby Beijing region were genotyped. All patients had their serum total IgE (TIgE) measured by RAST, pulmonary ventilatory function assessed by FEV1% and FEV1/FVC, bronchial responsiveness challenged by methacholine (if FEV1% > 70%), and brocho-reversibity by inhaling beta 2-agonist.

RESULTSThere was higher prevalence of Gly16 homozygous of beta 2AR in asthmatics than that in normal healthy controls (22.4% vs 8.3%, P < 0.05), with odd ratio (OR) 2.918 (95% CI: 1.256-6.781); Also there was higher frequency of Gly16 homozygous of beta 2AR in nocturnal asthmatics than that in nonnocturnal asthmatics (35.3% vs 13.5%, P < 0.01), but Gly16 homozygous of beta 2AR was low an independent risk factor for the pathogenesis of asthma. The dose of methacholine was low in asthmatics carrying Gln27 homozygous beta 2AR than Glu27 homozygous beta 2AR and Gln/Glu27 heterozygous beta 2AR in brocho-challenge test [(0.205 +/- 0.275) vs (2.11 +/- 3.00) vs (1.575 +/- 0.828) mumol, P < 0.05].

CONCLUSIONSGly16 homozygous beta 2AR was associated with asthma susceptibility in Chinese patients with Han ethnic nearby Beijing region, and Gly16 homozygous beta 2AR was associated significantly with nocturnal asthma. Glu27 homozygous beta 2AR was related to hyper-bronchial reactivity of asthmatics.

Asthma ; genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the significance of beta-adrenergic receptor 2 (beta2-AR) and vascular endothelial growth factor-2 (VEGFR-2) in the occurrence and development of infantile hemangioma through detecting the expression of beta2-AR and VEGFR-2 in the different stages of infantile hemangiomas.

METHODSAccording to the Mulliken's classification standard, we classified the specimens as proliferating group (32 cases), involuting group (17 cases) and involuted group (11 cases). Normal skin tissue surrounding the hemangioma from 7 cases were chosen as control group. The expression of beta2-AR and VEGFR-2 was detected by immunohistochemical technique in proliferating hemangioma, involuting hemangioma, involuted hemangioma. The mean optical density was measured by image analysis system (Image Pro Plus 6.0) and SPSS 16.0 software was applied for statistical analysis.

RESULTSThe expression of beta2-AR and VEGFR-2 was strongly positive in proliferating hemangioma, while positive in involuting hemangioma and weakly positive in the involuted stage. The mean optical density of each phase was 0.064 751 2 +/- 0.012 747, 0.031 6017 +/- 0.006 848,0.011 869 8 +/- 0.039 349 for beta2-AR, and 0.068 940 9 +/- 0.029 274, 0.028 445 5 +/- 0.006 396, 0.011 184 1 +/- 0.004 198 for VEGFR-2. The differences between different stages had a statistically significance (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis on the mean optical density between beta2-AR and VEGFR-2 had a statistically significance (P < 0. 05).

CONCLUSIONSBeta2-AR and VEGFR-2 may be involved in the occurrence and development of infantile hemangioma.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Hemangioma ; metabolism ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ; metabolism ; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo determine whether autoantibodies against the cardiac G-protein-coupled beta 2- and alpha 1-adrenergic and AT1 receptors are related to patients with primary hypertension.

METHODSSynthetic peptides corresponding to amino acid sequences of the second extracellular loops of the beta 2- and alpha 1-adrenergic and AT1 receptors were respectively used as antigens to screen sera from patients with hypertensive heart diseases (n = 50) as well as simple hypertension (n = 40) and healthy blood donors (n = 40) using ELISA test.

RESULTSThe positive ratio of autoantibodies against beta 2 and alpha 1 and AT1 receptors in patients with hypertensive heart diseases were significantly higher than patients with simple hypertension and healthy donors. The geometric mean titers of autoantibodies against beta 2- and alpha 1-adrenergic and AT1 receptors had no difference between the patients with hypertensive heart diseases and the patients with simple hypertension, but the geometric mean titers of two groups were higher than healthy donors. In the patients with hypertensive heart diseases, 81.0% of the patients with autoantibodies against beta 2-adrenergic receptor had autoantibodies against alpha 1-adrenergic receptor and 76.2% had autoantibodies against AT1 receptors. The percent of the autoantibodies against three receptors in patients with hypertensive heart diseases were 52.4%.

CONCLUSIONSAutoantibodies against beta 2- and alpha 1-adrenergic and AT1 receptors play an important role in the pathophysiological changes of primary hypertension, and may participate myocardial and vessel remodeling.

Adult ; Aged ; Autoantibodies ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 ; immunology ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 ; immunology ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ; immunology