Numerous studies have shown that adenosine or adenosine agonists can stimulate angiogenesis. However, the effect of caffeine (a known adenosine receptor antagonist) on angiogenesis has not been previously studied. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to examine the effect of caffeine on angiogenesis and to clarify the mechanism involved. Chick chorioallantoic membrane assays were used to investigate the effect of caffeine on angiogenesis and proliferation assays using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), were used to study its effects on specific aspects of angiogenesis. The expressions of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were examined by western blotting, immunofluorescence staining was used to identify HUVEC morphological changes, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and DAPI staining were used to detect HUVEC apoptosis. Caffeine was found to inhibit blood vessel formation dose-dependently and to inhibit the proliferation of HUVECs time- and dose-dependently. FACS analysis and DAPI staining showed that inhibitory effect of caffeine on HUVEC proliferation was the result of apoptosis and the up-regulation of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Furthermore, TSP-1 levels were down-regulated by NECA but were unaffected by CGS21680, indicating that caffeine regulated TSP-1 expression via adenosine A2B receptor. In addition, caffeine up-regulated caspase-3 and down-regulated Bcl-2 at the protein level. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of caffeine on angiogenesis is associated, at least in part, with its induction of endothelial cell apoptosis, probably mediated by a caspase-3 dependent mechanism.
Adenosine ; Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide) ; Apoptosis ; Blood Vessels ; Blotting, Western ; Caffeine ; Caspase 3 ; Chorioallantoic Membrane ; Endothelial Cells ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; Indoles ; Phenethylamines ; Receptor, Adenosine A2B ; Receptors, Purinergic P1 ; Thrombospondin 1 ; Up-Regulation