Filipinos have often been classified as a race having low risk for developing prostate cancer (CaP), and likewise a low risk of dying from the disease. This has mostly been based on information indicating similar patterns among men of Asian decent. But with the changing trends in the disease, both worldwide and in the Asian region, should Filipinos continue to be regarded as such? To attempt to answer this question, a literature search was performed using the following online databases: Medline, SUMsearch, CancerLit, and National Library of Medicine Gateway. The search terms used were "prostate cancer," "Filipino," "Asians," "incidence," and "prognosis." A total of 39 publications were included in this review. In all the studies that segregated Asians into its component subpopulations, Filipinos were noted to have the highest incidence rate (IR) among Asians residing locally, and also the highest or second highest IR among Asian immigrants residing abroad. Studies that focused on the Asian region consistently found an increasing trend in IR of CaP for all subpopulations, with the Philippines experiencing one of the fastest rising IR. Filipinos, both residing abroad and locally, were also observed to have the highest mortality rate (MR) among all the Asian subpopulations included, with an even higher MR than Caucasians reported by certain studies. Evidence was found in this review suggesting that Filipino men may not have the low risk of developing and dying from CaP, as is popularly believed, and may have similar risk of death from CaP as Caucasians.

Human ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Neoplasms ; Genital Neoplasms, Male ; Continental Population Groups ; Databases, Bibliographic

INTRODUCTION: The operating room (OR) is one of the most cost-intensive units of any health care facility. Hence, OR effeciency has become a priority of many institutions. Delays in the OR lead to poor cost effectiveness and cause frustration both to patients and to OR staff.
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to describe the efficiency of the Philippine General Hospital Department of Surgery elective non-cardiac surgery operating room services using established parameters and identify causes of delays.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of randomly selected elective cases from October 2011 to January 2012. A framework of elements in the OR process and timing milestones were defined. These times were recorded during the OR process. Mean and median observed times for these elements were calculated and compared with target times based on previous research. Causes of delay were recorded.
RESULTS: Once anesthesia was started, target times for most parameters were met in the majority of cases. Delays were most notable between patient entry to the OR complex and start of anesthesia, particularly for first cases. Only 3.9% of cases started at or before the scheduled time; 49.7% of cases started more than one hour late. 54.3% of late starts were caused by surgeons not being in the OR complex on time. Errors in estimating case duration were commonplace: more than one third of cases took more than an hour longer or shorter than estimated. While the mean delay in start for first cases was nearly one hour, the mean delay for second and third cases was nearly two hours.
CONCLUSION: The majority of cases start late. The most common cause of delay is the surgeon's tardiness. Considerable discrepancy between the predicted and actual case duration was also observed.

Human ; Operating Rooms ; Cost-benefit Analysis ; Frustration ; Anesthesiology ; Anesthesia ; Efficiency ; Surgeons ; Hospital Departments