Objective:To investigate the regional cerebral blood oxygenation changes of left prefrontal lobe during dyslexic children recognizing Chinese characters. Methods:We use functional near-infrared imaging (fNIRI) technique to observe 28 dyslexic elementary school students and 19 healthy students who are not reading-impaired.Results:With fNIRI, significant activations were observed in the left prefrontal cortex of both dyslexic children and non-dyslexic children during primary processing of Chinese characters, and children with dyslexia were evoked more significantly ( P

BACKGROUND: Dyslexia is the most common in the study of learning disabilities, it can affect various aspects of children, including behaviors,cognition, emotion, social adaptation, etc., and seriously block their obtaining of knowledge and improvement of ability in children.OBJECTIVE: To study the changing law of regional cerebral blood oxygenation in children with Chinese dyslexia in the process of recognizing Chinese characters, and investigate the neurophysiological basis of dyslexia in children.DESIGN: A case-control study.SETTING: Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.PARTICIPANTS: The study was carried out in Huazhong University of Science and Technology from June to September in 2003. Forty-five primary students of 8 to 12 years old, who were grade 3 to 5 in Wuhan city,were enrolled in this study, including 26 dyslexic children (dyslexia group)and 19 normal readers (control group). All the enrolled children were righthanded. Informed consents were obtained from all the participants and their parents (guardians) after explanation of aims and steps of this study.METHODS: The functional near-infrared imager (fNIRI) was applied to detect the changes of cerebral blood oxygenation in left prefrontal lobe of dyslexic children and normal children in the primary processing (viewing passively, reading aloud, producing an action word) and secondary processing of Chinese characters (outputting task, action words association) of Chinese characters.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The changes of cerebral blood oxygenation in the primary processing and secondary processing of Chinese characters were observed in both groups.RESULTS: All the 26 children with Chinese dyslexia and 19 normal children were involved in the analysis of results. ① Changes of the contents of blood oxygenation in the primary processing of Chinese characters:When viewing the Chinese characters passively, the contents of blood oxygenation on channel A, B and C were all higher in the dyslexia group than in the control group (0.378 0, 0.134 6; 0.085 8, 0.051 9; 0.109 3, 0.069 2;P ＜ 0.05); there was no obvious difference on channel D between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05). When reading aloud, the contents of blood oxygenation on channel A, B, C and D were all unobviously higher in the dyslexia group than in the control group (P ＞ 0.05). In the process of generating action words, the contents of blood oxygenation on channels A and C were all higher in the dyslexia group than in the control group (0.411 2, 0.139 7;0.141 3, 0.078 4; P ＜ 0.05), and there were no obvious differences on channels B and D between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05). ② Changes of the contents of blood oxygenation in the secondary processing of Chinese characters: In the process of outputting task, the changes of blood oxygenation was lower in the dyslexia group than in the control group (-0.025 7, 0.089 0,F=16.25, P ＜ 0.01); In the process of action words association, the changes of blood oxygenation was obviously higher in the dyslexia group than in the control group (0.073 0, -0.072 1, F=15.59, P ＜ 0.01).CONCLUSION: The cortexes of left prefrontal lobe in dyslexic children are activated in the process of recognizing Chinese characters, but the degree and pattern of activation are different from those of normal children.The functional abnormalities of specific brain area may be the biological basis of Chinese dyslexia.Song RR, Wu HR.Changes of regional cerebral blood oxygenation in recognizing Chinese characters in children with Chinese dyslexia.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI),and to evaluate the management model of ROP screening of ELBWI and the clinical effects and treatment timing of photocoagulation with intravitreous injection of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor (Avastin).Methods Forty-five cases of ELBWI (birth weight ＜ 1000 g) survived finally in our neonatal intensive care unit from July 1,2004 to June 30,2011 were reviewed.ROP screening was regularly performed in 4 ～ 6 weeks postpartum with binocular indirect funduscope by ophthalmologists.Newborns with severe ROP were treated with laser photocoagulation in the fundus.Some newborns that developed aggressive posterior ROP(APROP) were treated with combined intravitreous injection of Avastin and photocoagulation.Results Thirteen of 45 cases (28.89％) had not developed to ROP finally.Six cases (13.33％) developed to stage 1 ～ 2 ROP and then spontaneous recovery during the follow-up period.Twenty-six newborns (57.78％) developed to severe aggressive posterior ROP (APROP) and need to be treated with photocoagulation.All 3 APROP infants (6.67％) were received intravitreous Avastin injection prior to photocoagulation.The visual acuity of all 45 patients (100％) in this study was preserved.Conclusion ELBWI have a higher morbidity of severe ROP.Timely screening and intervention are effective to prevent disease progression.Intravitreous Avastin injection prior to photocoagulation may be necessary to preserve the visual acuity of infants with APROP.Respiratory management is the key for post-operation care.

Objective To explore the effect of general anesthesia on Wuzhishan miniature pigs induced by a mixture of ketamine, Sumianxin II and midazolam, and maintained by ketamine and propofol in surgery lasting up to 8 hours. Methods A total of 18 Wuzhishan miniature pigs (body weight (20. 3 ± 1. 9) kg, 14 male and 4 female) were used in this study. The induction of anesthesia was performed with intramuscular injection of ketamine (8 -10 mg/kg) Sumianxin II (1. 5 mL) and midazolam (10 mg) behind the ear, and the general anesthesia was maintained with a mixture containing 0. 9％ sodium chloride 8 mL, ketamine 100 mg/2 mL and propofol 200 mg/40 mL, continuously injected through the marginal ear vein through a syringe infusion pump. The time spent for anesthesia induction and the duration time of anesthesia were recorded. Physiological indexes including body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate, the reflex activities, and the effects of analgesia, sedation and muscular relaxation of the miniature pigs under anesthesia at 0, 0. 5, 1, 1. 5, 2, 4, 6, 8 h were observed. Results All the 18 pigs were successfully anaesthetized, but 4 pigs died during surgery due to hypovolemic shock, anesthesia accident, left main coronary thrombosis and reperfusion arrhythmia, respectively. During anesthesia, the analgesia, sedation and muscular relaxation effects on the pigs were obvious. The average time spent for anesthesia induction was (4. 8 ± 1. 2) min and the duration time of anesthesia was (54. 1 ± 5. 8) min. The eyelid reflex, corneal reflex and anal reflex in the pigs were weak or disappeared during 1 -8 h after the anesthesia was induced. The body temperature of the pigs was decreased gradually, with a significant difference between 1 h and 0 h (P＜ 0. 05), reaching the lowest point at 4 h, and then maintained stable. The blood pressure was gradually decreased, reaching the lowest level at 2 h (P ＜ 0. 05), then somehow increased, and maintained at a stable level until the end of surgery. The respiratory rate fluctuated during the anesthesia, with no significant difference. Conclusions The anesthesia induced by a combination of ketamine, Sumianxin II and midazolam and maintained with a combination of ketamine and propofol is simple to operate, shows effects fast, and has good effects of analgesia, sedation and muscular relaxation, keeping the circulatory system and respiratory system relatively stable throughout the anesthesia. Thus it is suitable for general anesthesia for miniature pigs.

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy between our first generation and second generation dynamic anterior plate-screw system for quadrilateral area (DAPSQ) in the treatment of T-shaped acetabular fractures.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted of the 28 patients with T-shaped acetabular fractures who had been treated at Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command from January 2008 to December 2019. They were divided into 2 groups according to fixation methods. Group A [15 patients, 11 males and 4 females, an age of (43.5±9.1) years] were treated with the first generation DAPSQ while Group B [13 patients, 8 males and 5 females, an age of (42.5±7.0) years] with the second generation DAPSQ. Operation time, intraoperative bleeding, fracture reduction, function of the affected hip and postoperative complications were recorded and compared between the 2 groups.Results:The 2 groups were comparable because there was no significant difference between them in the preoperative general data ( P>0.05). The 28 patients were followed up for 12 to 60 months (average, 35.0 months). The operation time [(193.9±33.3) min] and intraoperative bleeding [(830.8±177.4) mL] for Group B were significantly less than those for Group A [(231.3±40.0) min and (1,043.3±190.7) mL] ( P<0.05). In Group A, according to the Matta scoring, the fracture reduction was rated as excellent in 8 cases, good in 5 and poor in 2; in Group B, the fracture reduction was rated as excellent in 8 cases, good in 4 and poor in one. According to the modified Merle d'Aubigné & Postel scoring at the final follow-up, the function of the affected hip was rated as excellent in 9 cases, as good in 3, as fair in 2 and as poor in one in Group A while as excellent in 9 cases, as good in 2 and as fair in 2 in Group B. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in reduction quality or in the function of the affected hip ( P>0.05). Follow-up observed hip traumatic arthritis in 2 cases in Group A and in one in Group B. Conclusion:In the treatment of T-shaped acetabular fractures, compared with the first generation DAPSQ, the second generation DAPSQ can shorten operation time and decrease intraoperative bleeding significantly, though both achieve comparable functional outcomes.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics,diagnosis,and treatments of adrenal insufficiency (AI) in the patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS),and to improve the clinician's understanding of the disease and provide evidences for its diagnosis and treatments.Methods:The clinical data of one patient with AIDS and AI were retrospectively analyzed and the diagnosis and treatments were summarized,and the relative literatures were reviewed.Results:The patient was clearly diagnosed as AIDS and AI after relevant examinations.The symptoms such as fatigue,nausea and vomiting of the patient were disappeared,the food intake of the patient was increased,and the electrolyte was normal after some treatments such as hormone replacement therapy (oral prednisone acetate 5.0 mg at 8:00 am.and 2.5 mg at 4:00 pm.) and symptomatic treatments.The patient died of a severe opportunistic infection when followed up for 37 d.Conclusion:The possibility of AI should be taken into account when the patients with AIDS have unexplained symptoms such as anorexia,nausea,weight loss and more characteristic manifestations such as orthostatic hypotension,hyponatremia or hyperkalemia.Early administration of glucocorticoid replacement therapy is feasible and effective.

Objective: To investigate the current status of picky eating among children and family-related factors, to provide scientific basis for diet intervention for children. Methods: A total of 1 829 children were selected from 5 kindergartens in Shenzhen and investigated by electronic questionnaire survey from March 18 th-20 th in 2020.The data was analyzed by SPSS 21.0. Results: The reported rate of picky eating behavior among children was 43.8%. Parents-picky eating behavior, children s preference to eating snacks, parental worries on children s appetite, parents attitude toward the food disliked by children were positively correlated to children s picky eating behaviors[OR(95%CI)=3.86(2.74-5.43), 1.44(1.15-1.80), 3.21(2.45-4.22), 2.21(1.65-2.95)]; however, eating various food under the instruction of their parents was negatively correlated to children s behaviors[OR(95%CI)=0.38(0.29-0.49)](P<0.05). Conclusion The reported rate of picky eating behaviors of children on holiday is lower than usual, but parents should to help them develop good dietary habits, prevent picky eating among children.

Abstract Children with neurodevelopmental disorders not only have low cognitive and communication functions, but also have a high incidence of psychological problems, resulting in a huge burden for their family and society. Our study aims to introduce the mental health status of children with major neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and developmental dyslexia; analyze the association of mental health with neurodevelopment and emphasize the importance of mental health on children development; and discuss how to promote their mental health and further improve their quality of life.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and factors influencing depressive symptoms among children with dyslexia in China. Methods: A total of 6 298 children in grades 3-5 were recruited from eight primary schools in Baoan, Shenzhen. The Questionnaire for Children s Reading Ability, the Dyslexia Checklist for Chinese Children, the Pupil Rating Scale Revised Screening for Learning Disabilities, and the Children s Depression Inventory short version were used. Results: The prevalence of dyslexia was 2.76%( n =174). The rate of depressive symptoms in children with dyslexia (37.36%) was higher than children without dyslexia (18.17%)( χ 2=40.94, P ＜0.01). Compared with children without dyslexia, children with dyslexia had an increased risk of depressive symptoms ( OR=2.65, 95%CI=1.87-3.75, P ＜0.01). In addition, the average time that a mother spent with her child every day was one of the factors influencing depressive symptoms. The risk of depressive symptoms was lower in children who spent ≥3 h with their mothers than children who spent <1 h(3-4 h: OR=0.54, 95%CI=0.36-0.81； 5-6 h: OR=0.51, 95%CI=0.34-0.78 ; ≥7 h: OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.32-0.69, P ＜0.01). Conclusion The rate of depressive symptoms in children with dyslexia was shown to be high. Increasing the time that mothers spend with their children every day is helpful in preventing the occurrence of depression in children.

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of visual motor integration in children with developmental dyslexia and ADHD, and to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of these children. Methods: During July to November of 2020，students from grade 3 to grade 5 of 7 primary schools in Xinjiang were selected by using random cluster sampling method. A total of 56 dyslexia group (group DD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group (group ADHD), comorbidity group and normal control group were selected and compared the differences of their visual motor integration ability and related factors ability. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the predictive effects of related factors on visual motor integration ability. Results: The scores of visual integration ability and visual perception in comorbidity group (95.05±14.01, 12.71±7.40) were lower than those in DD group (104.77±17.19，23.04±11.48), ADHD group (104.00±14.11，25.70±10.74) and normal control group (129.80±12.91, 44.05±16.56) ( F/Z =58.24,110.49, P <0.05). The visual working memory score of the comorbidity group ( 73.64 ±5.36) was lower than the normal control group (78.96±4.68) ( P <0.05)，and there was no significant difference between the DD group (74.48±7.06) and the ADHD group (75.98±7.36) ( P >0.05). The results of multiple regression showed that visual perception, age, IQ and visual working memory were associated with visual and motor integration ability of dyslexia children with ADHD ( R 2=0.32，0.17，0.11， 0.04 ， P <0.05). Conclusion Visual motor integration and visual perception among children with DD combined ADHD are more severely impaired than those with ADHD and DD alone. Visual perception, age, IQ and visual working memory could help predict the development of visual and motor integration ability in children with DD combined ADHD.