It is the prerequisite and foundation to set up the institutional ethics committee of organ transplantation that holds a proper structure for ethics committee to play a key role effectively.In terms of our reality and based on the successful practices and guidelines of international organizations of ethics committee,some suggestions and guidelines on reasonably standardizing the structure of ethics committee for organ transplantation in China are given to guarantee ethics committee to fulfill its target functions.

Equitable,just and public allocation of health resources is an essential rule in organ transplantation.We reviewed the allocation principles of China and the United States of America and then proposed our strategy.First,establishing transplantation organ library is mainly depending on the medical organ transplantation society.Secondly,formulating the sorting and allocation rules of transplantation organ.Finally,upon the institutional review board,-ing surveillance and management institution to ensure equitable,just and public in allocation of health resources.

Objective To compare the Dectin-1 signal transduction pathway and its function on dendritic cells between a female patient with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) and a healthy woman,and to explore the possible mechanism for VVC recurrence in this patient.Methods Venous blood samples were collected from a female patient with RVVC and a healthy woman.Then,monocytes were isolated from the blood samples,and were induced to differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro.The obtained DCs were divided into three groups to be cultured alone,cocultured with Candida albicans or the combination of Candida albicans and anti-Dectin-1 antibodies for different durations.Flow cytometry was performed to determine the expression levels of CD83,CD86 and CD80 on DCs to evaluate the maturity of DCs,Western blot analysis to measure the protein expressions of Dectin-1,Syk and CARD9 in DCs,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the levels of interleukin (IL)-23,tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-12 in the culture supernatant of DCs.Results After co-culture with Candida albicans for 24 hours,the expressions of CD83,CD86 and CD80 were significantly inhibited on the patient-derived DCs compared with the controlderived DCs.Western blot analysis showed no significant differences in the expression of Dectin-1 between the controland patient-derived DCs,but a decrease in the expressions of phosphorylated-Syk and CARD9 in the patient-derived DCs compared with the control-derived DCs after 2-hour coculture with Candida albicans.After co-culture with Candida albicans for 6 hours,the levels of IL-23,TNF-α and IL-12 were lower in the culture supernatant of patient-derived DCs than in that of control-derived DCs.Furthermore,the anti-Dectin antibody showed no inhibitory effects on the activation of the Syk-dependent signal transduction pathway in or the secretion of the above cytokines by the patient-derived DCs.Conclusion The Dectin-1 signal transduction pathway was abnormal in DCs from the patient with RVVC,which may decelerate the maturation of DCs,inhibit the secretion of IL-23,TNF-o and IL-12 by them,and finally result in a defect in natural mucosal immunity against Candida infection in the host.

Objective To investigate the relationships among clinical features, endoscopic characteristics and pathologic epithelial types of Barrett esophagus. Methods Magnification chromoendoscopy ( MCE) was performed in 2506 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) and 106 patients with Barrett esophagus in our hospital during Feb,2003 -Feb,2004 were analyzed. The clinical features, endoscopic characteristics, pathologic epithelial types and their relationships were analyzed. Results The symptoms of gastro esophageal reflux disease ( GERD) were the main presentation of Barrett esophagus but 27 (25. 5% ) cases without such presentation. Four types of mueosal patterns, dot pattern, ridge or villous pattern and irregular/distorted pattern. were noted within the columnar mucosa using high magnification endos-copy: There were three epithelial types within the columnar lined esophagus: intestinal metaplasia (IM ) , cardiac and fundie types. Three epithelial types were noted in the methylene blue staining areas; ridged/vil-lous pattern and irregular/distorted pattern, all of them were in epithelial types of intestinal metaplasia. Conclusion Magnification chromoendoscopy helps to identify areas with IM, and having important significance in diagnosis and clinical follow up of Barrett esophagus.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a stroke unit combined with community health services for treating stroke survivors. Methods A total of 120 stroke patients were randomly divided into a " stroke unit combined with community medicine" group ( combined group) , a stroke unit group and a general treatment group. Patients in the former 2 groups were treated in a hospital stroke unit during their hospitali-zation. The general treatment group was given conventional medical treatment. After discharge, the combined group continued to receive regular rehabilitation therapy and guidance in the form of community medical services, while the stroke unit group received follow-up only. Assessment was by means of Fugl-Meyer scores, the Barthel index and self-rating on a depression scale ( SDS). The patients were assessed at admission, on discharge and 3 months after discharge. Results There were no significant differences in average limb motor function, ability in the activities of daily living ( ADL) or depressive mood among the 3 groups on admission, but at discharge, limb motor function and ADL ability in the combined group and stroke unit groups were significantly superior to those in the general therapy group. Limb motor function and ADL ability in the combined and stroke unit groups had improved further 3 months after discharge, with more significant improvements in the combined group. No significant change in depression was observed in any group at discharge, but average depression scores in the combined and stroke unit groups improved significantly in the 3 months after discharge, and there was a statistically significant difference between the combined group and the general group. Conclusion Supplementing the work of a stroke unit with community health services significantly improves stroke patients' recovery of limb motor function and ADL ability.

BACKGROUNDAngiogenesis and lymphogenesis which were promoted by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-C are important in the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. The high level of VEGF and VEGF-C were distributed in numerous types of cancers, but their distribution and expression in Wilms tumor, the most common pediatric tumor of the kidney, was unclear.

METHODSTo learn about the distribution, mass spectroscopy and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the level of VEGF and VEGF-C in serum and tissue of Wilms tumor.

RESULTSThe expression level of VEGF in serum of Wilms tumor was the same as in pre-surgery and control, so it was the same case of VEGF-C. Both of these factors were chiefly located in Wilms tumor tissue, but not in borderline and normal. In addition, the higher clinical staging and histopathologic grading were important elements in high expression of VEGF and VEGF-C. Gender, age and the size of tumor have not certainly been implicated in expression level of VEGF and VEGF-C.

CONCLUSIONSThe lymph node metastasis and growth of tumors resulted from angiogenesis and lymphogenesis which were promoted by VEGF and VEGF-C in Wilms tumor. The autocrine and paracrine process of VEGF and VEGF-C were the principal contributor to specific tissues of Wilms tumor but not to the entire body.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Infant ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; blood ; metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C ; blood ; metabolism ; Wilms Tumor ; blood ; metabolism

Objective:To elucidate the factors influencing the differences in the survival rates of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients between the rural and urban regions in China. Methods:A total of 36,723 ESCC patients derived from the clinical data-bases containing 500,000 esophageal and gastric cardia carcinoma cases (1973-2015) of the Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Can-cer Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, were analyzed. Of these patients, 33,625 were from the rural re-gions (91.6%), comprising 20,906 male patients with an average age of 58.98 ± 8.71 years and 12,719 females with an average age of 59.59 ± 8.53 years. The remaining 3,098 were from the urban regions and composed of 2,089 male patients with an average age of 60.84±9.10 years and 1,009 females with an average age of 62.46 ± 9.14 years. All the patients underwent radical esophagectomy, de-tailed histopathological diagnosis, and TNM staging. Chi square test, Kaplan-Meier, Log-rank, and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to analyze the differences between ESCC patients from rural regions and those from urban regions and among the risk factors in prognosis. Results:Kaplan-Meier and Log-rank analysis results showed that the ESCC patients from the rural regions had significantly higher overall survival than the urban patients (χ2=12.971, P=0.000). Further analysis showed that rural patients≥50 years old and diagnosed with stage IIa and IIb (middle stage) ESCC had higher survival rates than urban patients in males and females (male:χ2=16.188, P<0.001;female:χ2=5.019, P=0.025). However, the survival rates of rural and urban patients with stage 0,Ⅰa,Ⅰb (early stage) and Ⅲa, Ⅲc, and Ⅳ (late stage) were similar (P>0.05). The results of Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis showed that age, gender, and TNM stages were independent risk factors for rural and urban ESCC patients. When the rural and urban ESCC patients were both considered, the Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis results showed that male ESCC patients≥50 years old, urban residence, and TNM stages were independent risk factors. Conclusion:Rural ESCC patients have significantly high-er overall survival than urban patients. Male, age of≥50 years old, urban residence, and TNM stages were independent risk factors for ESCC patient survival.

There are various examination methods for cardiovascular diseases. Non-invasive diagnosis and prognostic information acquisition are the current research hotspots of related imaging examinations. Positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a new advanced fusion imaging technology that combines the molecular imaging of PET with the soft tissue contrast function of MRI to achieve their complementary advantages. This article briefly introduces several major aspects of cardiac PET/MRI in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, ischemic cardiomyopathy, nodular heart disease, and myocardial amyloidosis, in order to promote cardiac PET/MRI to be more widely used in precision medicine in this field.
Heart/diagnostic imaging* ; Heart Diseases/diagnostic imaging* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Multimodal Imaging ; Positron-Emission Tomography

Corrosive sclerosing cholangitis is a rare postoperative complication of hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Although corrosive sclerosing cholangitis is rare, it progresses rapidly and lacks effective treatments, which usually results in a poor prognosis. This case report retrospectively analyzed the treatment and diagnosis of a case with corrosive sclerosing cholangitis following surgical treatment of hepatic cystic echinococcosis, so as to provide insights into the diagnosis and treatment of corrosive sclerosing cholangitis.