Objective To evaluate the quality of examination papers of otolaryngology among students of grade 2007 in the first clinical college of Chongqing Medical University.Methods Totally 202 copies of examination papers of otolaryngology from grade 2007 students in our college were taken as research references.SASS 15.0 software was used to statistically analyze total score of every student and score of each question.Mean score,standard deviation,difficulty coefficient and discrimination coefficient of each question were counted and normality test was conducted.Results Scores were in negative skewness distribution,with mean score of 80.9,standard deviation of 10.9,the lowest score of 56.5,the highest score of 98.0,difficulty coefficient of 0.781,and discrimination coefficient of 0.308.Conclusions Examination papers are well designed and discriminated and can objectively reflect students' command of the course.However,distribution of sores is unreasonable and examination paper is relatively easy to complete,indicating the weakness in the teaching process.

Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising new source of renewable biofuel that can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels.Researches have been done over the last decades.And considerable progress has been made.The abilities and pathways of natural microorganisms to produce ethanol from cellulose are different.So the researches of reconstructing and recombinating the useful genes from different strains are of great significance to improve the yield of ethanol production and reduce the cost.The characteristics and mechanisms of natural ethanologenic strains and the research progress of constructing recombinant strains was introduced and also analyzed the perspectives and challenges.

Objective To investigate the technological feasibility and short-term efficacy of 125I seeds implantation in head and neck cancer. Methods Thirty patients with head and neck recurrent cancer were treated with 125I seeds interstitial brachytherapy. The operation was performed under local anesthesia and the 125I seeds were implanted under the guidance of ultrasonography. The seed needles were implanted parallelly to each other, at 1～1.5 cm apart. The Mick applicator was used to implant seed at 1 cm interval. The radioactive activity per seed ranged 0.40～0.70 mCi, and the matched peripheral dose (MPD) was 90～160 Gy. The number of 125I seed implanted per lesion was 3～84 (median, 24). Ten patients with a seed radioactive dose

0.05).(3)The EIDD in group C was significan improved after intervention[(15.79?3.63)% vs(18.12?4.70)%,P0.05).Conclusion The EDD is improved by blood glucose,pressure and lipid control.While the EIDD was not improved.There was no conspiracy effect on the EDD when blood glucose,pressure and lipid control is combined with vitamine E or compound Dansen dripping pill.But the EIDD is improved after intervention with vitamine E.

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum transforming growth factor- β1(TGF- β1) levels and early diabetic nephropathy and clarify whether valsartan plays a role in renal protection by reducing the level of serum TGF-β1. Methods The study subjects were divided into four groups:control group (30 cases); normal albuminuria group 1 (NA1 group with 12 cases, U MA/Cr < 10 μg/mg combined with type 2 diabetes);normal albuminuria group 2 (NA2 group with 19 cases,UMA/Cr 10-30 μg/mg combined with type 2 diabetes); microalbuminuria group ( MA group with 35 cases, U MA/Cr 31-300 μg/mg combined with type 2 diabetes). All these type 2 diabetic patients were suffering from diabetic retinopathy, and valsartan ( 80 mg/d) were medicated for those combined with hypertension. The serum TGF-β1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in all subjects. Results Serum TGF- β1 levels in three diabetes groups were (7.41 ± 2.68 ), ( 10.52 ± 4.10), (22.98 ± 43.74) ng/L, respectively, all of which were higher than those in control group [(4.25 ± 5.82) ng/L] (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in serum TGF- β1 levels among MA group, NA2 group and NA1 group (P < 0.05 ). Serum TGF-β1 levels in NA1 group with valsartan treatment significantly decreased compared with those without valsartan treatment (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant reduction in NA2 and MA group with valsartan treatment (P > 0.05). Conclusions High serum TGF-β1 level may be associated with type 2 diabetes and early diabetic nephropathy. Early intervention of valsartan may be delay the onset and development of diabetic nephropathy by decreasing the serum TGF-β1 level.

Objective:To analyze and summarize the commonalities and patterns in acupoint selection for moxibustion treatment of asthma. Methods: Data retrieval was conducted using ‘moxibustion’ and ‘asthma’ as the keywords through China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database (Wanfang) and Chongqing VIP Database (CQVIP). Excel 2010 was used to establish the major acupoint database for moxibustion prescriptions in treatment of asthma; data mining methods including association patterns and clustering were adopted to analyze the characteristics and patterns in acupoint selection for moxibustion treatment of asthma. Results: A total of 161 moxibustion prescriptions were recruited. The most commonly used acupoint was Feishu (BL 13), the most commonly used meridian was the Bladder Meridian of Foot Taiyang, and the most commonly treated region was the back. The association rule analysis showed that Feishu (BL 13)-Dazhui (GV 14)-Fengmen (BL 12) had the most significant correlation, and the clustering analysis discovered 5 effective acupoint clusters. Conclusion: In moxibustion treatment of asthma, topical acupoints Feishu (BL 13), Dazhui (GV 14) and Fengmen (BL 12) can be selected, along with the acupoints from the Bladder Meridian of Foot Taiyang and the back.

Objective To evaluate the clinical pathway (CP) for treatment of hepatic cystic echinococcosis.Methods Data were retrospectively obtained from hospitalized patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis (CE) who were treated surgically between April 2011 to December 2012.Patient treated with the clinical pathway (the CP group) were compared with patients who were treated with conventional treatment (the non-CP group).The following outcomes were compared:the average length of in-hospital stay,the hospital charges,patient's satisfaction,patient's knowledge about his/ her own health and postoperative complications.Results For the CP groups,the length of in-hospital stay,the hospital charges,the patient's satisfaction and the health knowledge for the patients were (10.25±1.26)d,(19600.25±1520.73) yuan,(46.4 5±2.14),(83.50±8.02),respectively.The corresponding figures for the non-CP group were (14.25 ± 1.50) d,(23931.25 ± 1629.17) yuan,(42.65 ± 1.93),(74.50 ± 12.60),respectively.There were significant differences between the 2 groups (t=-4.086,-4.074,8.351,3.811 ; P＜0.05).The postoperative complications,including bile leakage,bleeding,ascites and pleural effusion,were 2,0,2 cases in the CP group,and 0,4,5 cases in the non-CP group.There were no significant difference between the 2 groups (x2 =0.17,0,0.6; P＞0.05).Conclusion Our initial clinical experience showed that the clinical pathway decreased the length of in-hospital stay and hospital charges,and provided quality and efficient clinical services to patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis.

A new organic-soluble co-reactant of N,N,N’,N’-tetrakis(propyl)-pentanediamine (TPPD) was synthesized and co-immobilized with tris ( 2, 2’-bipyridine ) ruthenium ditetrakis ( 4-chlorophenyl ) borate ([Ru(bpy)3][4-(Clph)4B]2) on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode for electrochemiluminescent (ECL) study. The hydrophobicity of TPPD prevented its leakage from the electrode surface, thus the long-term stability of the ECL electrode was enhanced. The TPPD/[Ru(bpy)3][4-(Clph)4B]2 modified-ITO electrode exhibited strong, stable and reproducible ECL signal. The ECL signal could be quenched efficiently by phenol with a quenching efficiency of 95. 4% in the presence of 0. 1 mmol/L phenol, demonstrating the potential of the modified electrode in determination of phenolic compounds. The transient-state of the electrogenerated chemiluminescence reaction was also investigated, which revealed that the TPPD/[Ru(bpy)3][4-(Clph)4B]2 modified-ITO electrode had a longer lifetime than conventional TPA-Ru(bpy)2+3 co-reactant system.

Objective To compare the efficacy of radical and quasi-radical hepatectomy for the treatment of end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis(HAE)with involvement of major blood vessels and viscera.Methods The clinical data of 41 patients with end-stage HAE who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2002 to January 2010.All patients were divided into radical hepatectomy group (13 patients)and quasi-radical hepatectomy group(28 patients)according to whether blood vessels were reconstructed and repaired.The operation time,blood loss,length of hospital stay,recurrence and metastasis of HAE,pleural effusion,ascites,biliary complications and death between the 2 groups were compared.All data were analyzed by using the t test or chi-square test.Results The volume of blood loss,length of hospital stay,number of patients with recurrence and metastasis of HAE,obstructive jaundice and number of dead patients were(326 ±115)ml,(22 ± 18)days,0,0,and 0 in the radical hepatectomy group,and were(24 ± 20)ml,(15 ± 12)days,10,10 and 10 in the quasi-radical hepatectomy group,there were significant differences between the 2 groups(t =13.41,1.47;x2 = 4.36,4.36,4.36,P ＜ 0.05).The operation time,number of patients with pleural effusion and ascites,bile leakage,cholangitis and number of patients died perioperatively were(407 ± 146)minutes,4,0,1 and 1 in the radical hepatectomy group,and(263 ± 93)minutes,2,2,2 and 1 in the quasi-radical hepatectomy group,there were no significant differences between the 2 groups(t = 3.81;x2 = 2.30,0.04,0.34,0.04,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Radical hepatectomy should be the first choice when construction of infringed vessels can be achieved.Quasi-radical hepatectomy has lower operation risks for avoiding important vessels injury.

Objective To investigate the effect of independent on duty assessment in the process of new nurse standardized training.Methods Totally 64 new nurses graduated in 2010 were set as the control group.Totally 68 new nurses graduated in 2011 were named as the observation group.The nurses in the control group received hospital standardized training,on the basis of the hospital standardized training,the observation group received independent on duty training.One year later,all nurses participate in the assessment of independent on duty organized by nursing department and the evaluation results were analyzed.Results The score of emergency response capacity of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group.Conclusions The implementation of the independent on duty assessment can strengthen the results of standardized training and promote emergency ability of new nurses,and effectively improve the ability of new nurses in clinical work.