PURPOSE: Distal radius fracture is one of the most common factures, but incidence of concomitant scaphoid fracture is rare. The rarity makes diagnosing the concomitant scaphoid fracture often delayed. Thus, in this study, the authors examined the frequency of concomitant scaphoid injury in distal radius fracture and the type of distal radius fracture that is more commonly associated with simultaneous scaphoid fracture. METHODS: We examined a total of 212 patients who had received treatment for the fracture in our institution. They were divided into two groups, isolated distal radius fracture group and distal radius fracture group with simultaneous scaphoid fracture, and their age, gender, body mass index and distal radius fracture type in accordance with AO classification were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Concomitant scaphoid fractures were found in 12 (5%) patients, and among them 10 cases were associated with type C distal radius fracture. Statistical comparison between the group with isolated distal radius fracture and the group with both distal radius and scaphoid fractures was made, and only comparison of distal radius fracture types showed statistical significance. CONCLUSION: It is imperative to make timely and appropriate diagnosis of accompanying scaphoid fracture, since delay in making the diagnosis usually lead to many complications. We conclude that further diagnostic imaging such as computed tomography is necessary to make the correct diagnosis of concomitant scaphoid fracture, especially in type C distal radius fractures.
Body Mass Index ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Humans ; Incidence ; Radius Fractures* ; Radius* ; Wrist Joint

OBJECTIVETo provide the basic knowledge of wrist joint for diagnosing of these morphological change in pathological condition by measuring the posteroanterior X-ray films of different types of distal radius fracture by AO classification.

METHODSEleven radiographic indexes were measured including following 7 new parameters of 83 cases of distal radius fracture: ulnar styloid length (USL), ulnar head length (UHL), ulnar head diameter (UHD), maximal distal radius width (MDRW), proximal distal radius width (PDRW), sigmoid notch length (SNL) and sigmoid notch width (SNW) by Pacs system in standard X-ray films. The indexes were defined by the ratio of these parameters to the length of the third metacarpal. Statistical significance of indexes and correlations of parameters were analyzed by SPSS 16.0.

RESULTSIt was found that indexes of 11 parameters and 27 pairs of indexes had significantly different. Compared the indexes of 14 groups with normal group existed statistical significance, 62 pairs value of 11 parameters had correlations.

CONCLUSIONThe study provides additional radiographic index that will be helpful to more careful diagnosis and treatment of the distal radius fractures and their associated injuries such as ulnar wrist injuries or carpal instability.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radiography ; Radius ; diagnostic imaging ; Radius Fractures ; diagnostic imaging ; Wrist Joint ; diagnostic imaging ; Young Adult

Combined type III Monteggia fracture dislocation and ipsilateral distal radial epiphyseal fracture is a very rare injury. Because of difficulty in performing the proper clinical evaluation of a child in an acute injury state, one of the components of this combined injury may be missed. We report a ten-year-old male child with this kind of injury where the Monteggia lesion was initially missed at the emergency department. Later we found the combined epiphyseal fracture of distal radius and Monteggia lesion in the ipsilateral side of the same limb which was managed by closed reduction and K-wire fixation. Bony union as well as wrist and elbow motion was complete 3 months after surgical intervention.
Child ; Epiphyses ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; Humans ; Male ; Monteggia's Fracture ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Probability ; Radius Fractures ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery

OBJECTIVE: The influence on age estimation by comparing the differences between left and right side development of osteophiphysis. METHODS: 27 osteophiphysis development indexes in the X-ray films of 6 major joints and pelvises in 130 male juveniles were observed. The positions and levels of difference between left and right side development of osteophiphysis were compared. The male juvenile age by regression equation according to left side and right side were estimated respectively. RESULTS: In 76 cases, the age estimation results are the same for both sides. In 47 cases, the difference between left and right side is less than 6 months. In 7 cases, the difference is between 6 and 12 months. The error of 94.6% age estimation is within 6 months. The differences between left and right osteophiphysis development are often found in proximal humerus, distal radius, distal ulna and crista iliaca. CONCLUSION The subtle difference between left and right osteophiphysis development has no influence on age estimation.
Adolescent ; Age Determination by Skeleton/methods* ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Humerus/diagnostic imaging* ; Male ; Osteogenesis ; Radius/diagnostic imaging* ; Tibia/diagnostic imaging*

OBJECTIVE: To study the current development of hand-wrist bones of adolescents in China, and establish special forensic bony age standard for estimating 14 years of criminal responsible age in female adolescents. METHODS: One hundred and ten healthy girls aged from 13 years and 9 months to 14 years and 3 months in Lengshuijiang district of Hunan province were enrolled in this study. X-ray films of their left hand-wrists were taken dorsaventrally, and 15 sites on the wrist x-ray films were examined and measured under standard condition. The development grade was confirmed by maximal percentage to establish a method to estimate the bony age, which was then checked by single blind method. RESULTS: Development grade of the radius, the middle third phalanx and the fourth phalanx was partially closed (> 2/3), and the rest was wholly-closed with existence of the epiphyseal line. The development grade of the middle third phalanx and fourth phalanx was different between the younger group (< 14 years, partially closed, > 2/3) and the older group (> 14 years, mostly closed with existence of only epiphyseal line). The cross diameter of the osteoepiphysises were wider than that of all the diaphysises. The confirmed accuracy (in 30 girls) was 83.3%. CONCLUSION Our study seemes to be feasible in establishing the estimation standard for bony age determination. The standard established by developmental metaphysis and authropometry may be particularly helpful in forensic practice for estimation of accurate criminal responsible age in adolescents.
Adolescent ; Age Determination by Skeleton/methods* ; Epiphyses/diagnostic imaging* ; Female ; Forensic Anthropology/methods* ; Hand Bones/diagnostic imaging* ; Humans ; Radius/diagnostic imaging* ; Reference Standards ; Wrist/diagnostic imaging*

OBJECTIVESTo establish a clinical method for measuring the displacement of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) precisely irrespective of ulnar variance, and to derive normal population translation references with palmar and dorsal stress.

METHODSThirty-seven normal distal forearms were scanned with computed tomography using an apparatus designed by Pirela-Cruz. Each extremity was scanned in two positions: maximal ulnar palmar and dorsal stress. The digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) CT images were then imported into Mimics 10.0 for three-dimensional reconstruction. On the DRUJs 3D images, choose the most prominent point of the palmar and dorsal margins of the sigmoid notch and the excavate ulna fovea as the reference points A, B and C. A perpendicular line was then drawn from the point C to a line connecting points A and B with the intersection D. Calculate the ratio of AD/AB and DB/AB. Two observers measured all the DRUJs independently and one repeated the measurements one month later to determine the interobserver and intraobserver reliability.

RESULTSThe mean ratio values of palmar (AD/AB) and dorsal (DB/AB) translation were 0.39 ± 0.07 and 0.37 ± 0.07, and the normal references (x(-) ± 2 s) were from 0.25 to 0.50 and from 0.23 to 0.50, respectively. No significant differences were observed in terms of positions, genders and dominant hands. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values for interobserver and intraobserver reliability (DB/AB, AD/AB) were 0.84, 0.80, 0.93 and 0.92, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThis new method could accurately measure the displacement of DRUJs with acceptable reliability, even with ulna positive or negative variance. Instability of DRUJ may be indicated when AD/AB is less than 0.25 or BD/AB is less than 0.23.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Joint Dislocations ; diagnostic imaging ; Joint Instability ; diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radius ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ulna ; diagnostic imaging ; Wrist Joint ; diagnostic imaging ; Young Adult

Adolescent ; Child ; Epiphyses ; injuries ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Manipulation, Orthopedic ; methods ; Radiography ; Radius Fractures ; diagnostic imaging ; therapy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to find out diagnostic clue for the carpal tunnel syndrome. So we investigated the postional relationships between the structures, the degree of entrance of the muscle bellies in the carpal tunnel, the location of flexor retinaculum (FR) and the cross sectional area to the tunnel of the tendons, the median nerve and the soft tissues occupied with the wrist. METHOD: Seventy-seven wrists of Korean adults's cadavers were dissected. Fifty-three wrists were examined by posteroanterior view of X-ray. The area of each structure was measured by image analyzer (Optimas Co. WA). The upper and lower borders the FR were confirmed at the sagittal plane after sagittal section. RESULTS: Frequency of the bellies of FDS, FDP and lumbricalis observed in each finger, the length of these bellies entering into the carpal tunnel were obtained. The cases that the third and fourth FDS were located side by side, the second FDS tendon under the third FDS tendon and the fifth tendon under the fourth FDS tendon were most common. The cases that the median nerve was bordered on the third FDS and the second FDS deep inside of the median nerve were most common. Mean length of the FR was 32.1 mm. The cases that the location of the upper margin of the FR was 10 mm and 15 mm from the end of radius were most common (44%). The cases that the margin of FR was 5 mm and 10 mm from the base of the 3rd metacarpal bone were most common (52%). The cross sectional area ratios to the carpal tunnel of the tendon, median nerve and connective tissues were 30%, 4%, 66% at the level of the pisiform bone, 36%, 4%, 60% at the level of the hook of hamate and 28%, 3%, 67% at the level of the lower margin of the FR, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results could help to understand the etiology of the carpal tunnel syndrome and would be a helpful information to the diagnostic imaging of the carpal tunnel.
Cadaver ; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ; Connective Tissue ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Fingers ; Median Nerve ; Pisiform Bone ; Radius ; Tendons ; Wrist

Isolated trochlea fracture in adults is a rare surgical entity as compared to its capitellar counterpart. It has been only mentioned sporadically in the literature as case reports. Fracture of the trochlea is accompanied by other elbow injuries like elbow dislocation, capitellum fracture, ulnar fracture and extraarticular condylar fracture. Here we report a unique case of isolated displaced trochlea fracture associated with fractures of the lateral end clavicle and the distal end radius. We propose a unique mechanism for this rare combination of injuries: typical triad of injury, i.e. fracture of the distal end radius with trochlea and fracture of the lateral end of the clavicle. Nonoperative treatment is recommended for undisplaced humeral trochlea fractures; but for displaced ones, anatomical reduction and internal fixation are essential to maintain the congruous trochlea-coronoid articulation and hence to maintain the intrinsic stability of the elbow.
Accidents, Traffic ; Adolescent ; Clavicle ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Humeral Fractures ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Male ; Radiography ; Radius Fractures ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery

OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristic of hand-wrist bone development in adolescents of 14 years old in China, and to estimate trend of bone development of them. METHODS: A total of 109 adolescents of 14 years was selected as subjects (males: 53, females: 56). X-rays examination of their left hand-wrist bone were performed and analyzed. The development characteristics of each position in accordance with Gu's mapping of skeletal age were compared with Gu's results and ours. RESULTS: Compared with Gu's, osteoepiphysis of distal radius, the first metacarpal bone, the fourth proximal phalanx were more advanced in boys, osteoepiphysis of distal radius, the second-fifth metacarpal bones, the first-fifth proximal phalanxs, and the second-fifth middle phalanxs were more advanced in girls. CONCLUSION The results suggested that a forward trend of 14 years old adolescents bone development currently exists in our country, especially in girls. As an important age of criminal responsibility, this forward trend of development of bones among adolescents currently should be kept in mind when estimating bone age of criminals.
Adolescent ; Age Determination by Skeleton/methods* ; Bone Development/physiology* ; Female ; Forensic Anthropology ; Humans ; Male ; Metacarpal Bones/diagnostic imaging* ; Radius/diagnostic imaging* ; Wrist Joint/diagnostic imaging*