Irradiation injuries anti-agents refer to drugs that can inhibit the initial stage of radiation injuries, or reduce the development of radiation injuries and promote the recovery of injuries when used early after irradiation exposure. According to the mechanism of action and the time of intervention, the irradiation injuries anti-agents are divided into four categories: radioprotectors, radiomitigators, radiation therapeutics for external radiation exposure, and anti-agents for internalized radionuclides. In this paper, the research progress of irradiation injuries anti-agents in recent years is reviewed.
Humans ; Radiation-Protective Agents/therapeutic use* ; Radiation Injuries/prevention & control*

Central Nervous System ; radiation effects ; Eye ; radiation effects ; Humans ; Immune System ; radiation effects ; Radiation ; Radiation Injuries ; prevention & control ; Radiation Protection ; methods ; Reproduction ; radiation effects

Humans ; Radiation Injuries ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Radiation, Nonionizing ; Radiation-Protective Agents ; therapeutic use ; Radioactive Hazard Release ; prevention & control

Radiation proctitis denotes the radiation damage of rectum caused by radiotherapy to pelvic malignancy. The clinical practices of radiation proctitis should be fully considered from diagnosis, treatment and prevention. In order to determine appropriate treatment strategies, the diagnosis of radiation proctitis should be based on clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings, imaging and histopathology to assess severity of symptoms and stage of disease. In terms of treatment decisions, non-surgical interventions are generally applied to relieve major symptoms and avoid serious complications. Diverting colostomy and restorative resection are the main surgical treatments for patients with recurrent symptoms. In terms of prevention, radiation proctitis should be prevented by improvement of radiotherapy technology, physical protection and prophylactic medication. This guide aims to provide guidance for the clinical practices of radiation proctitis in China.
China ; Consensus ; Humans ; Proctitis ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Radiation Injuries ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Rectum ; pathology ; radiation effects

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), an independent international organization established in 1925, develops, maintains, and elaborates radiological protection standards, legislation, and guidelines. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) provides scientific evidence. World Health Organization (WHO) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) utilise the ICRP recommendations to implement radiation protection in practice. Finally, radiation protection agencies in each country adopt the policies, and adapt them to each situation. In Korea, Nuclear Safety and Security Commission is the governmental body for nuclear safety regulation and Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety is a public organization for technical support and R&D in nuclear safety and radiation protection.
History, 20th Century ; Humans ; International Agencies/*organization & administration ; Radiation Injuries/etiology/prevention & control ; Radiation Protection/history/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Radiation, Ionizing

Animals ; Humans ; Hyperbaric Oxygenation ; Mandibular Diseases ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Osteoradionecrosis ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Radiation Injuries ; prevention & control ; therapy

OBJECTIVE: To observe histopathologic changes of irradiated guinea pigs' nasal mucosa treated with intranasal corticosteroids and to study the radioprotective effect of intranasal corticosteroids. METHOD: Fifty health guinea pigs nasal parts were performed irradiation by the WDVE-6MeV linear accelerator. They had accepted 5 Gy one time per week for three weeks through X-ray irradiating to establish the animal irradiation injury model. After that, they were divided into 2 groups randomly: the control group and the administration group and each group had 25 guinea pigs. The administration group received intranasal corticosteroids on the second day after three weeks irradiation, 5 animals per one group were sacrificed randomly at 1 W, 1 M, 2 M, 3 M, 4 M after administration, the histopathologic changes were observed under optical, scanning electron and transmission electron microscope respectively. RESULT: Using intranasal corticosteroids after irradiation, the early inflammatory reaction of the administration group was milder than the control group. With the drug being given constantly, the recovery of epithelial cell with irradiated damage was accelerated and the coverage rate of cilia went up obviously; After four months, the coverage rate of cilia had risen to 72.9%; But, for the control group, the coverage rate of cilia is only 50.2%. The atrophy of submucosal glandular organ was lessened and they displayed some extent secretory function. The reparation was accelerated as time went by. CONCLUSION Irradiation brought about serious injury on guinea pigs' nasal mucosa. But, the injury was lessen after using intranasal corticosteroids. Intranasal corticosteroids play the role of radioprotection for the irradiated nasal mucosa.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Guinea Pigs ; Nasal Mucosa ; drug effects ; pathology ; radiation effects ; Radiation Injuries, Experimental ; prevention & control

After the rapid development of medical equipment including CT or PET-CT, radiation doses from medical exposure are now the largest source of man-made radiation exposure. General principles of radiation protection from the hazard of ionizing radiation are summarized as three key words; justification, optimization, and dose limit. Because medical exposure of radiation has unique considerations, diagnostic reference level is generally used as a reference value, instead of dose limits. In Korea, medical radiation exposure has increased rapidly. For medical radiation exposure control, Korea has two separate control systems. Regulation is essential to control medical radiation exposure. Physicians and radiologists must be aware of the radiation risks and benefits associated with medical exposure, and understand and implement the principles of radiation protection for patients. The education of the referring physicians and radiologists is also important.
Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; International Agencies ; *Occupational Exposure ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Radiation Injuries/etiology/prevention & control ; *Radiation Protection ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Radiotherapy Dosage/standards ; Reference Values ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of heat shock protein70 (hsp70) on retinal photic injuries, and to determine the relationship between hsp70s from hsp70.1 and 70.3. C57BL/6 wild type (hsp70.1+/+) and knockout type (hsp70.1-/-) mice from the same littermates were placed in light of 11000 lux for 6 hours, and were sacrificed at 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after stress. H & E staining, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis were performed. The hsp70.1-/- mice exhibited more disarranged and more diffusely destroyed photoreceptors than the hsp70.1+/+ mice. Hsp70 induction by light in both the hsp70.1 +/+ and hsp70.1 -/- mice peaked at 1 day after light stress. The Hsp70 level in the hsp70.1 +/+ mice reduced slowly and was almost constant for 7 days. However, in the hsp70.1 -/- mice, it decreased rapidly and returned, after 7 days, to a similar level to that prior to light exposure. According to which gene they originate from, hsp70s may play specific roles in protecting the retina against stresses. Hsp70 from the hsp70.1 gene may act as a sustained responder to retinal photic injury.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Heat-Shock Proteins 70/*physiology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Radiation Injuries/*prevention& control ; *Radiation Protection ; Retina/*radiation effects ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

OBJECTIVETo determine the repair half-time (T1/2), a speed parameter of sub-lethal damage repair (SLDR), of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines CNE1, HONE1, C666-1 and CNE2.

METHODSA total radiation dose of 8 Gy divided into 4+4 Gy was delivered to the cell lines at the interval of 0 s, 15 s, 30 s, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h or 6 h. The cell survival fractions were determined using the standard cell clonogenic assay. The curves of the changes in the surviving cell fraction after a total dose of 8 Gy, as a function of the interval between the two doses of 4 Gy, were fitted manually, and the T1/2 of each cell line was calculated according to the curves.

RESULTSThe T1/2 of CNE1, HONE1, C666-1 and CNE2 were 18 s, 22 s, 29 s and 27 s, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe speed of SLDR of NPC cells is quite rapid, indicating that the fraction delivery time longer than 20 s might decrease the effect of radiotherapy.

Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; radiation effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Humans ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; pathology ; radiotherapy ; Radiation Injuries ; prevention & control ; Radiotherapy, Conformal ; Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated