PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate gender differences in the association between depressive symptoms and weight, weight perception, and body satisfaction among Korean adolescents. METHODS: A secondary data analysis was performed on data from 33,374 adolescents who participated in the 2015 Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey. They were classified as underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese; weight perception was classified into perception of being underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese; and weight satisfaction into desire to gain weight, satisfied, and desire to lose weight. RESULTS: Among boys, perception of being underweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07~1.35) and desire to gain weight (AOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.30~1.62) were associated with depression. Among girls, perception of being overweight or obese (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07~1.29) and a desire to lose weight (AOR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.18~1.42) were associated with depression. CONCLUSION: Gender differences were observed in the association between weight perception and depression in adolescents. The perception of being underweight among boys and the perception of being overweight/overweight among girls were associated with depression. Thus, gender-specific intervention programs to correct weight perception and weight satisfaction are needed in order to relieve depressive symptoms in adolescents.
Adolescent Health ; Adolescent* ; Body Weight ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Odds Ratio ; Overweight ; Statistics as Topic ; Thinness ; Weight Perception*

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the influence of social media affinity on eating attitudes and body dissatisfaction among adolescents in the Philippines. Methods: The participants were 114 junior high school students enrolled in 7th to 10th grade in Cavite Province, Philippines. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS, using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple linear regression. Results: The factors affecting eating attitudes were body dissatisfaction (β=-.47, p<.001), social media affinity (β=.33, p<.001) and grade (10th grade) (β=-.28, p<.001), and the factors influencing body dissatisfaction were eating attitudes (β=-.65, p<.001) and social media affinity (β=.17, p=.041). Conclusion In order to promote healthy eating attitudes and to improve body satisfaction among Philippine adolescents, educational strategies tailored to social media users will be needed.

Esmolol is rapid ultrashort-acting, cardioselective beta1-adrenergic blocker and that is used for attenuation of acute hypertension associated with rapid sequence induction of general anesthesia. A 35-year-old severe preeclamptic patient was scheduled for elective cesarean section. After preoxygenation, anesthesia induced with using penthotal sodium 250 mg, esmolol 25 mg, and succinylcholine 62.5 mg for endotrachial intubation. We detected to increase airway resistance during manual ventilation. Breathing sound was auscultated wheezing and ronchi. And then cyanosis was developed and oxygen saturation was decreased to below 75%. After 20 min, patient's color was returned to pink and patient's self-respiratory function was good. Bronchospasm occured because that beta-adrencergic blockade with esmolol, by leaving the parasympathetic and alpha-adrencrgic influence relatively unopposed. We report bronchospasm after esmolol 25 mg was injeected for attenuation of acute hypertensive response for cesarean section of preeclamptic patient with rapid sequence induction of general anesthesia.
Adult ; Airway Resistance ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Bronchial Spasm* ; Cesarean Section ; Cyanosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intubation ; Oxygen ; Pregnancy ; Respiratory Sounds ; Sodium ; Succinylcholine ; Ventilation

Esmolol is rapid ultrashort-acting, cardioselective beta1-adrenergic blocker and that is used for attenuation of acute hypertension associated with rapid sequence induction of general anesthesia. A 35-year-old severe preeclamptic patient was scheduled for elective cesarean section. After preoxygenation, anesthesia induced with using penthotal sodium 250 mg, esmolol 25 mg, and succinylcholine 62.5 mg for endotrachial intubation. We detected to increase airway resistance during manual ventilation. Breathing sound was auscultated wheezing and ronchi. And then cyanosis was developed and oxygen saturation was decreased to below 75%. After 20 min, patient's color was returned to pink and patient's self-respiratory function was good. Bronchospasm occured because that beta-adrencergic blockade with esmolol, by leaving the parasympathetic and alpha-adrencrgic influence relatively unopposed. We report bronchospasm after esmolol 25 mg was injeected for attenuation of acute hypertensive response for cesarean section of preeclamptic patient with rapid sequence induction of general anesthesia.
Adult ; Airway Resistance ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Bronchial Spasm* ; Cesarean Section ; Cyanosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intubation ; Oxygen ; Pregnancy ; Respiratory Sounds ; Sodium ; Succinylcholine ; Ventilation

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of epidural anesthesia with coagulation status and surgery outcome following lower extremity revascularization. METHODS: Twenty patients with arteriosclerosis obliterance (ASO) scheduled for lower extremity vascular reconstruction were randomized to receive either general anesthesia or combined general-epidural anesthesia. An additional 20 randomly selected patients without atherosclerotic vascular disease undergoing lower abdominal or lower extremity surgery served as controls for coagulation status. In the group with general anesthesia, anesthesia was induced by administration of pentothal sodium and succinylcholine and maintained with N2O-O2, isoflurane and vecuronium. In the group with combined anesthesia, epidural anesthesia was performed at the level of L2-3 or L3-4 epidural space using 2% lidocaine, followed by general anesthesia same as general group. Postoperative pain control was followed by on-demand oral or intravenous narcotics in the general group and followed by epidural 0.125% bupivacaine and morphine in the combined group. The coagulation status was monitored using thrombelastography (TEG) and standard coagulation tests. RESULTS: The ASO patients were hypercoagulable compared to the control patients before operation and on the first postoperative day. The hypercoagulability was attenuated postoperatively in the combined group. In the ASO-general group, postoperative MA, alpha and TEG index were 69.5 +/- 6.1 mm, 53.3 +/- 7.5 degree and 1.18 1.29 respectively, but in the ASO-combined anesthesia group, they were 58.0 +/- 6.2 mm, 38.0 +/- 4.0 degree and - 0.38 +/- 1.20 respectively (P < 0.05). The rates of postoperative complications did not significantly differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with arteriosclerosis obliterance undergoing arterial reconstructive surgery, thrombelastographic evidence of increased platelet-fibrinogen interaction is associated with early postoperative thrombotic events, and epidural anesthesia is associated with beneficial effects on coagulation status.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthesia, General ; Arteriosclerosis* ; Bupivacaine ; Epidural Space ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Lidocaine ; Lower Extremity ; Morphine ; Narcotics ; Pain, Postoperative ; Postoperative Complications ; Sodium ; Succinylcholine ; Thiopental ; Thrombelastography ; Thrombophilia ; Vascular Diseases ; Vecuronium Bromide

Background: Korean dental hygienists perform various tasks under the supervision of dentists in addition to the tasks listed in the law. Many meaningful studies have been conducted to determine the actual tasks of dental hygienists, but these studies did not show common results due to the differences in research methods or designs. Hence, this study aimed to review the reported data on the tasks of dental hygienists in Korea and to clarify them based on a systematic literature review. Methods: For the literature search, the COre, Standard, and Ideal model presented by the National Library of Medicine was referenced. Seven databases were searched for literatures published in Korea, including PubMed, and Google Scholar. Of the 352 studies found using key words, titles, and abstracts, 46 were finally extracted based on the first and second exclusion criteria. After confirming the tasks of Korean dental hygienists in 46 literatures, 136 tasks were listed and calculated as appearance rate in the literature. Results: The most common tasks in 46 studies were fluoride application (67.2%), radiography (65.4%), scaling (65.4%), sealant (60.7%), patient management and counseling (56.7%), tooth-brushing education (52.2%), impression taking with alginate (50.1%), and making temporary crowns (47.9%). The most mentioned tasks of dental hygienists in public health centers were fluoride application (100%), sealant (100%), oral health education (71.4%), public oral health program evaluation (71.4%), school fluoride mouth-rinsing program (71.4%), water fluoridation (57.1%), tooth-brushing education (57.1%), school oral health programs (57.1%), and public elderly oral health programs (57.1%). Conclusion This study showed that Korean dental hygienists had 136 tasks by reviewing 46 related studies and that the main job of Korean dental hygienists was oral disease prevention including scaling, sealant, and fluoride application.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical usefulness of ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) through correlation among existing functional evaluation tools and examined environmental factors affecting its function. METHOD: One hundred eight persons with disabilities living in Seoul were randomly selected according to disability severity categories. Functional Independence Measure (FIM), modified Barthel index (MBI) and ICF were examined and subjects were interviewed by trained rehabilitation doctors and occupational therapists. We compared correlation between these three functional measurements. We coded environmental factors affecting function. That was used in second level of 74 ICF items. RESULTS: The average of FIM, modified Barthel index, capacity and performance scores of ICF was 112.76, 92.97, 5.74 and 3.19. There was a statistical correlation among FIM, Barthel index, and ICF. The facilitator chapters among ICF's environmental factors were support and relationships (51.9%), attitudes (45.8%) in order. Most facilitated second level domains among the 68 items were immediate family (66.77%) and health professionals (52.8%). The most barrier chapters in ICF were product and a technology (19.5%), environment changes (15.5%) in order. Most barrier second level domains were design, construction and technology of buildings for public use (37%) and assets (37.0%). CONCLUSION: ICF correlates with the existing functional evaluation tool and can facilitate management of activity and participation by linking the result with the environmental factors, which may exacerbate or minimize them
Disabled Persons ; Health Occupations ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the beneficial effect of botulinum toxin A (Botox) injection into the subscapularis muscle on intractable hemiplegic shoulder pain. METHODS: Six stroke patients with intractable hemiplegic shoulder pain were included. Botulinum toxin A was injected into the subscapularis muscle. Intractable hemiplegic shoulder pain was evaluated using an 11-point numerical rating scale. Pain-free range of motion was assessed for shoulder abduction and external rotation. The spasticity of the shoulder internal rotator was measured using the modified Ashworth scale. Assessments were carried out at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, and, if possible, 8 weeks. RESULTS: Intractable hemiplegic shoulder pain was improved (p=0.004) after botulinum toxin injection into the subscapularis muscle. Restricted shoulder abduction (p=0.003), external rotation (p=0.005), and spasticity of the shoulder internal rotator (p=0.005) were also improved. Improved hemiplegic shoulder pain was correlated with improved shoulder abduction (r=–1.0, p<0.001), external rotation (r=–1.0, p<0.001), and spasticity of the internal rotator (r=1.0, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin A injection into the subscapularis muscle appears to be valuable in the management of intractable hemiplegic shoulder pain.
Botulinum Toxins* ; Hemiplegia ; Humans ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Muscle Spasticity ; Pain, Intractable ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Shoulder Pain* ; Shoulder* ; Stroke

OBJECTIVES: Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental spectrum disorder with a strong genetic component. Previous neurochemical and genetic studies have suggested the possible involvement of the serotonin system in autism. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase(TDO2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of tryptophan, which is the precursor of serotonin synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the TDO2 gene and autism spectrum disorders(ASD) in a Korean population. METHODS: The patients were diagnosed with ASD on the basis of the DSM-IV diagnostic classification outlined in the Korean version of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. The present study included the detection of four single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the TDO2 gene(rs2292536, rs6856558, rs6830072, rs6830800) and the family-based association analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in Korean ASD trios using a transmission disequilibrium test(TDT) and haplotype analysis. The family trios of 136 probands were included in analysis. 87.5% were male and 86.0% were diagnosed with autism. The mean age of the probands was 78.5+/-35.8 months(range: 26-264 months). RESULTS: Two SNPs showed no polymorphism, and there was no significant difference in transmission in the other two SNPs. We also could not find any significant transmission in the haplotype analysis(p>.05). CONCLUSION: We could not find any significant statistical association between the transmission of SNPs in the TDO2 gene and ASD in a Korean population. This result may not support the possible involvement of the TDO2 gene in the development of ASD, and further exploration might be needed to investigate other plausible SNP sites.
Appointments and Schedules ; Autistic Disorder* ; Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder* ; Classification ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolism ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Serotonin ; Tryptophan

The neurobiological basis of emotional recognition, processing and regulation has been extensively studied over the past years. Especially, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be conceptualized as a dysfunction of fear circuit, thus, many studies focused on neural substrate of fear using functional neuroimaging. Neuroimaging studies of PTSD have suggested that the amygdala is hyperresponsive to fearful stimuli, which may be related to hyperarousal or reexperience symptoms of PTSD. The medial prefrontal cortex is hyporesponsive and fails to inhibit the amygdala. Researches also have acknowledged that abnormal activities in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus might be associated with impairment of extinction of traumatic memory. Recent researches using facial emotional stimuli have suggested that PTSD involved not only dysfunction of fear circuit but also dysregulation of basic emotional processing. Despite the progress, many points are left which are yet to be clarified. Fear conditioning, contextualization, habituation and extinction should be investigated using novel paradigms that can explain the complexity of PTSD.
Amygdala ; Facial Expression ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Hippocampus ; Memory ; Neuroimaging ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic