Animals ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; physiology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; physiology ; RNA, Untranslated ; physiology

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have played a critical role in cellular biological functions. Recently, some peptides or proteins originating from annotated ncRNAs were identified in organism development and various diseases. Here, we briefly review several novel peptides translated by annotated ncRNAs and related key functions. In addition, we summarize the potential mechanism of bifunctional ncRNAs and propose a specific "switch" triggering the transformation from the noncoding to the coding state under certain stimuli or cellular stress. The coding properties of ncRNAs and their peptide products may provide a novel horizon in proteomic research and can be regarded as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases.
Animals ; Calcium/metabolism* ; Humans ; Open Reading Frames ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/genetics* ; RNA, Untranslated/physiology*

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is once thought to be the genome transcriptional "noise". However, it has received considerable attention in the past few years and is emerging as potentially important player in biological regulation. Recent studies have revealed that increasing number of lncRNA plays pivotal roles in regulating the gene expression which involves in the development of the human disease. Functions of lncRNA include 3 types of interaction: RNA-RNA, RNA-DNA, and RNA-protein, which may participate in gene expression regulation through epigenetic modifications, transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, acting as biological media. Due to the prevalence of obesity and related diseases, some attempts have been done to explore the pathogenesis of obesity from the field of noncoding RNA. Several lncRNAs have been identified to be involved in the regulation of the adipogenesis (white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue) and energy metabolism. In this review, we summarized recent advances of lncRNAs to provide a new sight for the mechanism of obesity.
Adipogenesis ; genetics ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; physiology ; RNA, Untranslated

Extracellular vesicles (EV),nanoscale vesicles encapsulated by phospholipid bilayers,are rich in biological molecules such as nucleic acids,metabolites,proteins,and lipids derived from parental cells.They are mainly involved in intercellular communication,signal transmission,and material transport and affect the functions of target cells.Ovulation disorders account for a higher proportion in the factors causing infertility which demonstrates increasing incidence year by year.Non-coding RNAs participate in a series of physiological and pathological processes of follicular development,playing a key role in female infertility.This review systematically introduces the types and biological roles of EV and elaborates on the regulation of follicular development from the effects of EV and non-coding RNAs on granulosa cell function,oocyte maturation,ovulation,luteal formation,and steroid hormone synthesis,providing a new idea and a breakthrough point for the diagnosis and treatment of infertility.
Female ; Humans ; Oogenesis/physiology* ; Granulosa Cells ; Extracellular Vesicles/physiology* ; Cell Communication ; RNA, Untranslated ; Infertility

Endometrial receptivity has become the main cause of fertilization and pregnancy outcomes in infertile patients,bringing large psychological damage and economic loss to the patients and their family. In recent years,the role of non-coding RNA has increasingly been recognized. The relationship between non-coding RNA and endometrial receptivity is reviewed in this article.
Embryo Implantation ; Endometrium ; physiology ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; RNA, Untranslated ; genetics

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a disease associated with a variety of factors such as age, psychological factors, physical conditions, and lifestyle, and it severely affects the patients quality of life. In the past, some non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) transcribed by genes but not translated into the protein were regarded as the "waste" in the process of gene expression. But in the recent years, ncRNAs have been found to play a crucial role in regulating gene expression and its products, which may affect penile erectile function. This review focuses on the recent progress in the studies of the relationship between ncRNAs and erectile dysfunction.
Erectile Dysfunction ; genetics ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Male ; Quality of Life ; RNA, Untranslated ; physiology

OBJECTIVEThis article aims to review recent studies on the biological characteristics of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), transcription regulation by lncRNAs, and the results of recent studies on the mechanism of action of lncRNAs in tumor development.

DATA SOURCESThe data cited in this review were mainly obtained from the articles listed in PubMed and HighWire that were published from January 2002 to June 2010. The search terms were "long non-coding RNA", "gene regulation", and "tumor".

STUDY SELECTIONThe mechanism of lncRNAs in gene expression regulation, and tumors concerned with lncRNAs and the role of lncRNAs in oncogenesis.

RESULTSlncRNAs play an important role in transcription regulation by controlling chromatin remodeling, transcriptional control, and post-transcriptional controlling. lncRNAs are involved in many kinds of tumors and play key roles as both suppressing and promoting factors.

CONCLUSIONlncRNAs could perfectly regulate the balance of gene expression system and play important roles in oncogenic cellular transformation.

Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; genetics ; physiology ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; genetics ; RNA, Untranslated ; genetics

Cell migration or movement is a highly dynamic cellular process, requiring precise regulation that is essential for a variety of biological processes. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of tiny non-coding RNA molecules that function as critical post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Emerging evidence demonstrates that miRNAs play important roles in cell migration and directly contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, cell adhesion, and cell signalling that controls cell migration by targeting a large number of protein-coding genes. Accordingly, the dysregulation of these miRNAs has been linked to several migration-related diseases. In this review, we summarize and highlight the recent advances concerning the roles and validated targets of miRNAs in the control of cell movement.
Animals ; Cell Movement ; genetics ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; RNA ; genetics ; RNA, Untranslated ; genetics

Non-coding RNA is a kind of non-coding protein RNA which is widely present in most of the organisms. Non-coding RNA plays key roles in the embryonic development,cell fate determination,and growth control in the living organisms. MicroRNA and long non-coding RNA involve in differentiation of endocrine cell,insulin gene expression and secretion,and insulin resistance,which are closely associated with diabetes.
Cell Differentiation ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Gene Expression ; physiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin-Secreting Cells ; Islets of Langerhans ; growth & development ; metabolism ; MicroRNAs ; RNA, Untranslated ; metabolism

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cadherins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy ; RNA, Double-Stranded ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; RNA, Small Untranslated ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; therapeutic use ; Transcriptional Activation