Over the past decade or so, dramatic developments in our ability to experimentally determine the content and function of genomes have taken place. In particular, next-generation sequencing technologies are now inspiring a new understanding of bacterial transcriptomes on a global scale. In bacterial cells, whole-transcriptome studies have not received attention, owing to the general view that bacterial genomes are simple. However, several recent RNA sequencing results are revealing unexpected levels of complexity in bacterial transcriptomes, indicating that the transcribed regions of genomes are much larger and complex than previously anticipated. In particular, these data show a wide array of small RNAs, antisense RNAs, and alternative transcripts. Here, we review how current transcriptomics are now revolutionizing our understanding of the complexity and regulation of bacterial transcriptomes.
Genome ; Genome, Bacterial ; Hypogonadism ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Ophthalmoplegia ; RNA ; RNA, Antisense ; RNA, Satellite ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcription Initiation Site ; Transcriptome

BACKGROUNDMyocardial infarction results in tissue necrosis, leading to cell loss and ultimately to cardiac failure. Implantation of skeletal muscle satellite cells into the scar area may compensate for the cell loss and provides a new strategy for infarct therapy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a promising reagent for inducing myocardial angiogenesis. Skeletal myoblast transplantation has been shown to improve cardiac function in chronic heart failure models by regenerating muscle. We hypothesized that VEGF expression and vascular regeneration increased in infarcted myocardium by skeletal muscle satellite cells, which can promote vascular producing and improve survival environment in infarcted myocardium.

METHODSThe skeletal muscle satellite cells were implanted into the infarcted myocardium in a model through ligated left anterior artery in Louis Inbrad Strain rat. Specimens were got for identifying the expression of VEGF and the density of vascular by immunochemical method at two weeks after implantation.

RESULTSThe proliferation and differentiation of the skeletal muscle satellite cell was very well. The expression of VEGF was higher in the implanted group (146.83 +/- 2.49) than that in the control group (134.26 +/- 6.84) (P < 0.05). The vascular density in the implanted group (13.00 +/- 1.51) was also higher than that in the control (10.68 +/- 1.79) (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe implanted satellite cell could excrete growth factor that would induce angiogenesis and improve cell survival environment in infarcted myocardium.

Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Myocardial Infarction ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rats ; Regeneration ; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle ; cytology ; transplantation ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of tetrandrine (Tet) on nitroglycerin(GTN)-induced activation of the satellite cells released inflammatory cytokines and to explore its mechanism.

METHODNeonatal rat satellite cells of trigeminal ganglia were cultured and separated into three groups. Group CON: the cells were normal cultured; Group TGN: the cells were cultured with 0.55 mmol x L(-1) GTN; Group Tet: the cells were treated with 0.55 mmol x L(-1) GTN and 1 x 10(-7) mol x L(-1) Tet respectively. Cell viability after GTN and Tet was detected by AlamarBlue assay. The concentration change of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in single satellite cell loaded with Fluo-3/AM was determined by laser scanning confocal microscopy. NF-kappaB and IL-1beta mRNA levels were determined by FQ-PCR. Through double-immunofluorescent staining identifies satellite cells and determines the expression of NF-kappaB protein.

RESULTSatellite cells activities decreased with GTN stimulating, but according to the viability and modality of the cells, 1 x 10(-7) mol x L(-1) Tet was the suitable prophylaxis. Tet can inhibit the elevation of cytosolic free calcium of rat satellite cell and decrease the mRNA and protein levels of NF-kappaB and the mRNA levels of IL-1beta.

CONCLUSIONVia preventing Ca2+ influxion, Tet inhibited NF-kappaB activation of satellite cell which decreased IL-1beta expression.

Animals ; Benzylisoquinolines ; pharmacology ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Calcium Channel Blockers ; pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Interleukin-1beta ; genetics ; NF-kappa B ; genetics ; metabolism ; Nitroglycerin ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Satellite Cells, Perineuronal ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Trigeminal Ganglion ; drug effects ; metabolism

AIM: Mangrove is one of the oldest living tree species and its leaves are among the most extensively studied botanicals in use today. Scientific research throughout the world has found evidence to support the fact that its foliar extracts have great potential against human microbial pathogens. This study highlights the isolation of foliar fungi from Rhizophora mucronata, Avicenna officialis and Avicenna marina. METHOD: It was isolated in Sabouroud's Dextrose Agar and mass cultivation was done in Sabouroud's Dextrose broth. RESULTS: The ethyl acetate extract showed maximum antibacterial activity which inturn checked for different concentration against bacterial pathogens and anticancer activity for Hep2 and MCF7 cell line in vitro. The DNA was isolated from the fungi and the ITS region of 5.8 s RNA was sequenced and assigned to new species as they are separated from the type strains phylogenetic neighbors by sequence similarities. CONCLUSION This preliminary screening of fungal endophytes revealed their potential to yield potent bioactive compounds for drug discovery programmes.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Avicennia ; microbiology ; Base Sequence ; Biological Products ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA, Fungal ; Endophytes ; Humans ; Hypocrea ; genetics ; MCF-7 Cells ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Phylogeny ; Phytotherapy ; RNA, Satellite ; Rhizophoraceae ; microbiology ; Species Specificity