Messenger RNA (mRNA) has shown tremendous potential in disease prevention and therapy. The clinical application requires mRNA with enhanced stability and high translation efficiency, ensuring it not to be degraded by nucleases and targeting to specific tissues and cells. mRNA immunogenicity can be reduced by nucleotide modification, and translation efficiency can be enhanced by codon optimization. The 5´ capping structure and 3´ poly A increase mRNA stability, and the addition of 5' and 3' non-translational regions regulate mRNA translation initiation and protein production. Nanoparticle delivery system protects mRNA from degradation by ubiquitous nucleases, enhances mRNA concentration in circulation and assists it cytoplasmic entrance for the purpose of treatment and prevention. Here, we review the recent advances of mRNA technology, discuss the methods and principles to enhance mRNA stability and translation efficiency; summarize the requirements involved in designing mRNA delivery systems with the potential for industrial translation and biomedical application. Furthermore, we provide insights into future directions of mRNA therapeutics to meet the needs for personalized precision medicine.
RNA, Messenger/genetics* ; Cytoplasm ; Nanoparticles ; Precision Medicine

There are several ways that transpire in cell-to-cell communication,with or without cell contact. Exosomes play an important role in cell-to-cell communication,which do not need cell contact,as that can result in a relatively long-distance influence. Exosome contains RNA components including mRNA and micro-RNA,which are protected by exosomes rigid membranes. This allows those components be passed long distance through the circulatory system. The mRNA components are far different from their donor cells,and the micro-RNA components may reflect the cell they originated. In this article we review the role of exosomes in cell-to-cell communication,with particular focus on their potentials in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Cell Communication ; Exosomes ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics

Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Fungi ; genetics ; Plants ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism

We have yet to develop a fundamental understanding of the molecular complexities of human spermatozoa. This encompasses the unique packaging and structure of the sperm genome along with their paternally derived RNAs in preparation for their delivery to the egg. The diversity of these transcripts is vast, including several anti-sense molecules resembling known regulatory micro-RNAs. The field is still grasping with its delivery to the oocyte at fertilization and possible significance. It remains tempting to analogize them to maternally-derived transcripts active in early embryo patterning. Irrespective of their role in the embryo, their use as a means to assess male factor infertility is promising.
DNA ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Spermatozoa ; metabolism

Parasite-derived non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) not only contribute to life activities of parasites, and microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) may generate a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network with host miRNAs and mRNAs via extracellular vesicles, thereby participating in infection and pathogenic processes. This article presents an overview of characterizing ncRNAs derived from parasites and the cross-species regulatory role of parasite-derived ncRNAs in host gene expression and its underlying mechanisms.
Animals ; Parasites ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; RNA, Messenger/genetics* ; RNA, Circular/genetics* ; RNA, Competitive Endogenous

To detect the expression of telomerase subunits (human telomerase reverse transcriptase, human telomerase associated protein 1 and human telomerase RNA) in gastric cancer and to examine the role that different telomerase subunits play in the gastric carcinogenesis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect telomerase subunits messenger RNA in 24 samples of gastric cancer and corresponding non-cancerous tissue. The results showed that the positive rate of hTERT mRNA from gastric cancer and corresponding non-cancerous tissues was 100% and 25%, respectively. The former was significantly higher than the latter (chi2 = 26.4, P < 0.01). The positive rate of hTEP1 mRNA from gastric cancer and corresponding non-cancerous tissues was 100% and 91.7%, respectively and no significant difference was found between them (chi2 = 2.1, P > 0.05). The positive rates of hTR for gastric cancer and corresponding non-cancerous tissues were both 100% and no significant difference existed between them. It is concluded that in contrast to hTEP1 and hTR, the up-regulation of hTERT mRNA expression may play a more important role in the development of gastric cancer.
Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; RNA/biosynthesis ; RNA/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Stomach Neoplasms/*metabolism ; Telomerase/*biosynthesis ; Telomerase/genetics

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulatory effects of RBM47 on HMGA2 and the function of RBM47 in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell K562. METHODS: K562 cells were transduction by the overexpressed and knockdown RBM47 lentiviral vector. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effect of RBM47 on the proliferation of K562 cells. Flow cytometry assay was used to detect the effect of RBM47 on the cell cycle progression of K562 cells. RNA immunoprecipitation assay was used to detect the association between RBM47 and HMGA2 mRNA. RT-qPCR was used to detect the effects of RBM47 on the stability of HMGA2 mRNA. Western blot was used to evaluate the effect of RBM47 on HMGA2 protein expression. RESULTS: The overexpressed RBM47 could inhibit the proliferation and cell cycle progression of K562 cells. However, the inhibitation of RBM47 could improve the proliferation and cell cycle progression of K562 cells. RBM47 combined with HMGA2 mRNA could promote the degradation of HMGA2 mRNA. Thus, the overexpressed RBM47 could decrease the expression of HMGA2 protein in K562 cells. CONCLUSION RNA binding protein RBM47 can inhibit the proliferation of K562 cells by regulating HMGA2 expression.
Apoptosis ; Cell Proliferation ; HMGA2 Protein/genetics* ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; RNA, Messenger/genetics* ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics*

Gene Expression Profiling ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypoxia/genetics* ; Mutation ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics* ; RNA, Messenger/genetics*

RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; RNA, Viral ; chemistry ; genetics ; Ribonucleases ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Virion ; chemistry ; genetics ; alpha-Fetoproteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo screen and identify the possible existence of natural antisense transcript (NAT) within the mouse neocortex.

METHODSSixty-three cerebral cortex layer-specific genes were screened by bioinformatics prediction in mice, among which 31 mice with potential NATs were screened. NAT was identified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and then cloned in pGEM-T Vector System for sequencing.

RESULTSAmong 31 genes predicted using bioinformatics, 8 were proved to be NAT positive by RT-PCR.

CONCLUSIONSNATs exist in the mouse neocortex tissue during the development of cerebral cortex. NATs may influence mouse cortical development by regulating the related coding genes.