Severe asthma stands as a formidable contributor to both mortality and morbidity of pa-tients suffering asthma,casting substantial social and economic shadows on communities.As our un-derstanding of asthma's pathophysiology deepens,a beacon of hope emerges in the form of biological targeted therapies,offering a promising avenue for the management of this challenging condition.These therapies,by precisely inhibiting or modulat-ing pivotal molecules in the inflammatory cascade,offer potential benefits in symptom alleviation,lung function enhancement,and risk reduction of acute exacerbations.They signify a paradigm shift in severe asthma treatment.Within the confines of this article,we embark on a systematic exploration of the immunological underpinnings that define se-vere asthma.By delving into the intricacies of the immune system's role in exacerbating this condi-tion,we aim to offer a comprehensive assessment of both the current landscape and the future pros-pects of biological therapies.Our objective is to provide a scientifically robust and valuable refer-ence that can guide the individualized treatment of patients grappling with severe asthma.

Severe asthma stands as a formidable contributor to both mortality and morbidity of pa-tients suffering asthma,casting substantial social and economic shadows on communities.As our un-derstanding of asthma's pathophysiology deepens,a beacon of hope emerges in the form of biological targeted therapies,offering a promising avenue for the management of this challenging condition.These therapies,by precisely inhibiting or modulat-ing pivotal molecules in the inflammatory cascade,offer potential benefits in symptom alleviation,lung function enhancement,and risk reduction of acute exacerbations.They signify a paradigm shift in severe asthma treatment.Within the confines of this article,we embark on a systematic exploration of the immunological underpinnings that define se-vere asthma.By delving into the intricacies of the immune system's role in exacerbating this condi-tion,we aim to offer a comprehensive assessment of both the current landscape and the future pros-pects of biological therapies.Our objective is to provide a scientifically robust and valuable refer-ence that can guide the individualized treatment of patients grappling with severe asthma.

Severe asthma stands as a formidable contributor to both mortality and morbidity of pa-tients suffering asthma,casting substantial social and economic shadows on communities.As our un-derstanding of asthma's pathophysiology deepens,a beacon of hope emerges in the form of biological targeted therapies,offering a promising avenue for the management of this challenging condition.These therapies,by precisely inhibiting or modulat-ing pivotal molecules in the inflammatory cascade,offer potential benefits in symptom alleviation,lung function enhancement,and risk reduction of acute exacerbations.They signify a paradigm shift in severe asthma treatment.Within the confines of this article,we embark on a systematic exploration of the immunological underpinnings that define se-vere asthma.By delving into the intricacies of the immune system's role in exacerbating this condi-tion,we aim to offer a comprehensive assessment of both the current landscape and the future pros-pects of biological therapies.Our objective is to provide a scientifically robust and valuable refer-ence that can guide the individualized treatment of patients grappling with severe asthma.

Severe asthma stands as a formidable contributor to both mortality and morbidity of pa-tients suffering asthma,casting substantial social and economic shadows on communities.As our un-derstanding of asthma's pathophysiology deepens,a beacon of hope emerges in the form of biological targeted therapies,offering a promising avenue for the management of this challenging condition.These therapies,by precisely inhibiting or modulat-ing pivotal molecules in the inflammatory cascade,offer potential benefits in symptom alleviation,lung function enhancement,and risk reduction of acute exacerbations.They signify a paradigm shift in severe asthma treatment.Within the confines of this article,we embark on a systematic exploration of the immunological underpinnings that define se-vere asthma.By delving into the intricacies of the immune system's role in exacerbating this condi-tion,we aim to offer a comprehensive assessment of both the current landscape and the future pros-pects of biological therapies.Our objective is to provide a scientifically robust and valuable refer-ence that can guide the individualized treatment of patients grappling with severe asthma.

Severe asthma stands as a formidable contributor to both mortality and morbidity of pa-tients suffering asthma,casting substantial social and economic shadows on communities.As our un-derstanding of asthma's pathophysiology deepens,a beacon of hope emerges in the form of biological targeted therapies,offering a promising avenue for the management of this challenging condition.These therapies,by precisely inhibiting or modulat-ing pivotal molecules in the inflammatory cascade,offer potential benefits in symptom alleviation,lung function enhancement,and risk reduction of acute exacerbations.They signify a paradigm shift in severe asthma treatment.Within the confines of this article,we embark on a systematic exploration of the immunological underpinnings that define se-vere asthma.By delving into the intricacies of the immune system's role in exacerbating this condi-tion,we aim to offer a comprehensive assessment of both the current landscape and the future pros-pects of biological therapies.Our objective is to provide a scientifically robust and valuable refer-ence that can guide the individualized treatment of patients grappling with severe asthma.

Severe asthma stands as a formidable contributor to both mortality and morbidity of pa-tients suffering asthma,casting substantial social and economic shadows on communities.As our un-derstanding of asthma's pathophysiology deepens,a beacon of hope emerges in the form of biological targeted therapies,offering a promising avenue for the management of this challenging condition.These therapies,by precisely inhibiting or modulat-ing pivotal molecules in the inflammatory cascade,offer potential benefits in symptom alleviation,lung function enhancement,and risk reduction of acute exacerbations.They signify a paradigm shift in severe asthma treatment.Within the confines of this article,we embark on a systematic exploration of the immunological underpinnings that define se-vere asthma.By delving into the intricacies of the immune system's role in exacerbating this condi-tion,we aim to offer a comprehensive assessment of both the current landscape and the future pros-pects of biological therapies.Our objective is to provide a scientifically robust and valuable refer-ence that can guide the individualized treatment of patients grappling with severe asthma.

Severe asthma stands as a formidable contributor to both mortality and morbidity of pa-tients suffering asthma,casting substantial social and economic shadows on communities.As our un-derstanding of asthma's pathophysiology deepens,a beacon of hope emerges in the form of biological targeted therapies,offering a promising avenue for the management of this challenging condition.These therapies,by precisely inhibiting or modulat-ing pivotal molecules in the inflammatory cascade,offer potential benefits in symptom alleviation,lung function enhancement,and risk reduction of acute exacerbations.They signify a paradigm shift in severe asthma treatment.Within the confines of this article,we embark on a systematic exploration of the immunological underpinnings that define se-vere asthma.By delving into the intricacies of the immune system's role in exacerbating this condi-tion,we aim to offer a comprehensive assessment of both the current landscape and the future pros-pects of biological therapies.Our objective is to provide a scientifically robust and valuable refer-ence that can guide the individualized treatment of patients grappling with severe asthma.

Severe asthma stands as a formidable contributor to both mortality and morbidity of pa-tients suffering asthma,casting substantial social and economic shadows on communities.As our un-derstanding of asthma's pathophysiology deepens,a beacon of hope emerges in the form of biological targeted therapies,offering a promising avenue for the management of this challenging condition.These therapies,by precisely inhibiting or modulat-ing pivotal molecules in the inflammatory cascade,offer potential benefits in symptom alleviation,lung function enhancement,and risk reduction of acute exacerbations.They signify a paradigm shift in severe asthma treatment.Within the confines of this article,we embark on a systematic exploration of the immunological underpinnings that define se-vere asthma.By delving into the intricacies of the immune system's role in exacerbating this condi-tion,we aim to offer a comprehensive assessment of both the current landscape and the future pros-pects of biological therapies.Our objective is to provide a scientifically robust and valuable refer-ence that can guide the individualized treatment of patients grappling with severe asthma.

Tumor-associated macrophage(TAM)play a crucial role in the immune microenvironment of lung can-cer.Through changes in their phenotype and phagocytic functions,TAM contribute to the initiation and progression of lung cancer.By promoting the formation of an immune-suppressive microenvironment and accelerating the growth of abnormal tumor vasculature,TAM facilitate the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer.Macrophages can polarize into different subtypes with distinct functions and characteristics in response to various stimuli,categorized as anti-tumor M1 and pro-tumor M2 types.In tumor tissues,TAM typically polarize into the alternatively activated M2 phenotype,exhibiting inhibitory effects on tumor immunity.This article reviews the role of anti-angiogenic drugs in modulating TAM phenotypes,highlighting their po-tential to reprogram M2-type TAM into an anti-tumor M1 phenotype.Additionally,the functional alterations of TAM play a significant role in anti-angiogenic therapy and immunotherapy strategies.In summary,the regulation of TAM polarization and function opens up new avenues for lung cancer treatment and may serve as a novel target for modulating the immune microen-vironment of tumors.

The incidence of lung cancer is high worldwide, and lung cancer is the leading cause of death from malignant tumors in both men and women. Early diagnosis of lung cancer can significantly improve the patient's prognosis. Therefore, searching for specific markers to assist in the early diagnosis of lung cancer is urgent question. Exosomes are nano-sized microvesicles and contain various biomaterial, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes are important carriers of these biomaterial, serve important roles in intracellular communications and signal transduction among tissues. Due to its unique enrichment mechanism, it has the stability and specificity as a biomarker. Exosomes are not only involved in the formation of tumor microenvironment and new blood vessels in lung cancer, but also involved in chemotherapy, targeted therapy response and prognosis assessment. Many research advances bring new hope for prolonging the survival of lung cancer patients. This article reviews the value of exosome specific protein and microRNA (miRNA) in lung cancer in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer.