Pencycuron is a non-systemic protective fungicide for controlling sheath blight of rice. However, information on the fate of pencycuron in rice plant is lacking. The degradation of pencycuron in waterlogged tropic rice field was investigated.Pencycuron was applied at recommended field dose (187.5 g a.i./ha) and double recommended dose to cropped plots for three consecutive years. Pencycuron was rapidly degraded in rice plant at all doses of pencycuron application with first order half-lives of 1.57～2.77 d. The study revealed that pencycuron is safe from the human and environmental contamination point of view.

Imidacloprid is a newly introduced broad-spectrum chloronicotinyl insecticide and will find its way in agricultural production, particularly in Asia. However, information on the fate of imidacloprid in crop plants is lacking. The degradation of imidacloprid in processed CTC tea and tea liquor was investigated in the present study in which imidacloprid was applied at recommended application rate (30.0 g a.i./ha) and twice the recommended application rate (60.0 g a.i./ha) for three consecutive seasons. Imidacloprid was rapidly dissipated in processed tea following first order reaction kinetics at all application rates and had half-lives of 0.91～1.16 d with the residue in tea liquor found to be below detectable limit on 3rd day samples. The study revealed that imidacloprid is safe for human consumption and will not pose any residual toxicity problem.

Rationale: Genitourinary tuberculosis can develop during the disease course of disseminated disease and the distinctive histological finding is epithelioid granuloma with or without caseation and accompanied Langhans-type giant cells. Barely, the lesion is only restricted to kidney involving both glomerular and extraglomerular compartment. Association with immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis has been sparsely reported in the literature. Patient concern: A 42-year-old non-diabetic, non-hypertensive male presented with generalized body swelling and frothing of urine for 3 months. Diagnosis: Membranous nephropathy with tuberculous interstitial nephritis. Intervention: Anti-tuberculous therapy for extrapulmonary tuberculosis was administered along with low dose corticosteroid. Outcomes: Reduction of proteinuria was achieved at one month follow-up visit. Lessons: Tuberculosis should be considered as a potentially treatable cause of secondary membranous nephropathy as pharmacotherapy greatly helps improve the outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation and course of seven ectopic thyroid patients.

METHODS:
Design: Retrospective Chart Review
Setting: Tertiary Government Teaching Hospital
Patient: Seven patients

RESULTS: Five patients were female and two were male (ratio of 5:2). Three belonged to the 20 to 30 year-old age group, whereas two were below 10 years of age. All seven were biochemically hypothyroid and ectopic thyroid was found to be the only functioning thyroid tissue. Three patients were managed medically with levothyroxine, while ectopic thyroid was excised in four. Ectopic thyroid tissue was autotransplanted in two cases following excision.

CONCLUSION: The ages of presentation in the present series correspond with the increased physiological demand of thyroid hormone. Thyroid substitution therapy is a must in the presence of clinical and/or biochemical hypothyroidism. Surgical excision should be avoided as far as possible especially if the ectopic tissue is the only functioning thyroid in the body. Surgery is required in selected cases presenting with obstructive symptoms or hemorrhage which are unresponsive to substitution therapy. Auto transplantation of the ectopic thyroid may not provide significant benefit to the patient and more research is warranted in this aspect.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Thyroid Gland ; Lingual Thyroid ; General Surgery

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are early microscopic lesions of the colonic mucosa, which can be detected by magnified chromoendoscopy. Herein, we have investigated whether ACF identified in different clinical groups can be differentiated based on their characteristics. METHODS: Macroscopically unremarkable mucosal flaps were collected from 270 fresh colectomies and divided into 3 clinical groups: colorectal carcinoma (group A), disease controls having known pre-neoplastic potential (group Bc), and disease controls without risk of carcinoma development (group Bn). Topographic and histologic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and molecular studies (high-resolution melt curve analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Sanger sequencing) were conducted for certain neoplasia-associated markers. RESULTS: ACF were seen in 107 cases, out of which 72 were left colonic ACF and 35 right colonic ACF (67.2% vs. 32.7%, P=0.02). The overall density of left colonic ACF was 0.97/cm, which was greater than the right colonic ACF density of 0.81/cm. Hypercrinia was present in 41 out of 72 left colonic ACF and in 14 out of 35 right colonic ACF (P=0.01). Immunohistochemical expression of p53 was also greater in left colonic ACF than in right colonic ACF (60.5% vs. 38.2%, P=0.03). However, ACF identified among the 3 clinical groups did not show any distinguishing topographic, histological, or genetic changes. CONCLUSIONS: Left colonic ACF appear to be high-risk based on their morphological and prototypic tumor marker signature. ACF identified in different clinical groups do not show significant genotypic or topographic differences. Further detailed genetic studies are required to elucidate them further.
Aberrant Crypt Foci ; Colectomy ; Colon ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mucous Membrane ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Introduction: The stiffness of elbow joint severely interferes with functional ability of upper limb. Open arthrolysis, in young active patients were reported with inconsistent results may be due to its applications in injudiciously selected cases. The objective of this study was to analyse the pathological abnormalities of stiff elbows for their classification and appropriate planning of surgical management to get maximum benefit following the arthrolysis. Methods: 98 patients of ages varied from eight to 62 (mean 23.3) years with posttraumatic stiff elbows having nonfunctional arc less than 70o of flexion predominantly extra articular contracture with maintenance of radiological congruence of humeroulnar joint of five to 26 (mean 14.65) months duration were included . The ankylosed elbows based on their clinicoradiological assessment were divided into three groups and subjected to open arthrolysis. 84 patients were clinicoradiologically evaluated during 3.2 to 10.3 (mean 6.5) years follow up. Results: The patients of Group I & II having predominantly soft tissue contractures showed overall highly satisfactory and excellent results in majority. The patients of Group III having additional periarticular new bone formation with subchondral sclerosis obtained good results. The cause and duration of contractures did not seem to influence the outcome of arthrolysis. The judicious and sequential release of contracture structure is effective to regain satisfactory to elbow motion. Conclusion: Thus, judicious preoperative selection of stiff elbow is mandatory to obtain favorable functional outcome after arthrolysis.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma in the parapharyngeal space and discuss its management.

METHODS:
Design: Case Report
Setting: Tertiary Government Teaching Hospital
Patient: One

RESULTS: A 40-year-old male patient with dysphagia for three months and a left-sided mucosa-covered oropharyngeal mass was found to have a prestyloid parapharyngeal lesion on CT scans. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) revealed a pleomorphic adenoma. With a past history of parapharyngeal pleomorphic adenoma excised transorally three years before, the present mass was excised by mandibular swing approach. Post-operative recovery was uneventful but the final histopathological report was carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma.

CONCLUSION: Malignant transformation should be suspected in recurrent salivary tumors in the parapharyngeal space. Provided there was truly no pre-existing malignant focus in the originally-excised tumor, and that early recurrence was not due to inadequate initial excision, this patient had a rare condition where the same tumor underwent malignant transformation within three years only. To the best of our knowledge, such an early transformation to malignancy of a minor salivary gland tumor of the parapharyngeal space has not been reported in the English literature.

Human ; Male ; Carcinoma ; Adenoma