The influence of Age of Onset (AO) of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) on learners‟ Ultimate Attainment (UA) potential is well documented. The issue of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) potential enters a qualitatively different, pragmatic dimension in most multilingual developing nations (including Papua New Guinea), where English, a second language for most children, is also the language of education, and where, consequently, students‟ English proficiency necessarily affects their academic potential and the quality of their education. This study investigates whether the academic performance of students in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSS) University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) is affected by their linguistic backgrounds. Specifically, we examined the effect of three factors in the students‟ Early Language Education – their Age of Onset of learning English (AO), their Age at Literacy (AGELIT), and their Early Learning Language (ELL) – on their Semester 1, 2017 Grade Points Average (GPA). A purposive cross-sectional sampling method was used for the selection of students. All full-time registered students in the SHSS during the 2017 academic session were eligible to participate in the study. A self-designed pretested questionnaire consisting of nine short questions was used to collect data on SHSS students‟ language education backgrounds, including their AO, AGELIT and ELL. Our results show a strong and statistically significant inverse correlation between students‟ AO/AGELIT and their GPAs, as well as a strong positive link between ELL English and students‟ GPAs, which contrasts sharply with a significant decrease in GPAs in the presence of ELL Tok Pisin. The ELL Vernacular category was too small (sample size N=34) to yield statistically significant results. Our current results corroborate the findings of our earlier studies which established a highly significant inverse correlation between students‟ AO and their academic performance in the National High Schools, as well as in the University of Papua New Guinea.

We have three errors in table and text. We apologize for any inconvenience that this may have caused.

A systematic approach was developed to investigate the stability of gentamicin sulfate (GS) and GS/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coatings on hydroxyapatite surfaces. The influence of environmental factors (light, humidity, oxidation and heat) upon degradation of the drug in the coatings was investigated using liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection and mass spectrometry. GS coated rods were found to be stable across the range of environments assessed, with only an oxidizing atmosphere resulting in significant changes to the gentamicin composition. In contrast, rods coated with GS/PLGA were more sensitive to storage conditions with compositional changes being detected after storage at 60 °C, 75%relative humidity or exposure to light. The effect of γ-irradiation on the coated rods was also investigated and found to have no significant effect. Finally, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed that known gentamines C1, C1a and C2 were the major degradants formed. Forced degradation of gentamicin coatings did not produce any unexpected degradants or impurities.

No abstract available.
Macrophages*

BACKGROUNDChronic heart failure is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study tested the hypothesis that restrictive filling pattern may provide useful prognostic data for identifying patients with chronic heart failure at high risk of all-cause cardiac death.

METHODSNinety patients with chronic heart failure [70 men and 20 women, mean age (58.1 +/- 11.6) years] were investigated and followed for (18.8 +/- 7.9) months. During this period, 14 patients died of progressive pump failure, 12 patients underwent heart transplantation, 5 patients died suddenly, and 2 patients died of acute myocardial infarction. A new criterion, the restrictive filling index (RFI), was designed to subgroup patients into a restrictive and a nonrestrictive group.

RESULTSPatients with restrictive filling pattern had a more severe left ventricular dysfunction and a higher cardiac mortality. Analysis by the Kaplan-Meier method revealed that patients in the RFI > or = 1 and RFI < 1 groups had a cardiac events-free survival rate of 52% versus 94% at 1 year, and 27.5% versus 92% at 2 years, respectively. The multivariate Cox proportional hazard model selected RFI as the most powerful prognostic factor (chi(2) = 8.8017, P = 0.0030) for all-cause cardiac death.

CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that RFI is a simple, noninvasive, and specific clinical predictor for adult chronic heart failure patients who are at a high risk for all-cause cardiac death.

Chronic Disease ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Heart Failure ; diagnostic imaging ; mortality ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left ; physiopathology

BACKGROUND: Barium swallow is performed following esophagectomy to evaluate the anastomosis for detection of leaks and to assess the emptying of the gastric conduit. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the barium swallow study in diagnosing anastomotic leaks following esophagectomy. METHODS: Patients who underwent esophagectomy from January 2000 to December 2013 at our institution were investigated. Barium swallow was routinely done between days 5-7 to detect a leak. These results were compared to clinically determined leaks (defined by neck wound infection requiring jejunal feeds and or parenteral nutrition) during the postoperative period. The sensitivity and specificity of barium swallow in diagnosing clinically significant anastomotic leaks was determined. RESULTS: A total of 395 esophagectomies were performed (mean age, 62.2 years). The indications for the esophagectomy were as follows: malignancy (n=320), high-grade dysplasia (n=14), perforation (n=27), benign stricture (n=7), achalasia (n=16), and other (n=11). A variety of techniques were used including transhiatal (n=351), McKeown (n=35), and Ivor Lewis (n=9) esophagectomies. Operative mortality was 2.8% (n=11). Three hundred and sixty-eight patients (93%) underwent barium swallow study after esophagectomy. Clinically significant anastomotic leak was identified in 36 patients (9.8%). Barium swallow was able to detect only 13/36 clinically significant leaks. The sensitivity of the swallow in diagnosing a leak was 36% and specificity was 97%. The positive and negative predictive values of barium swallow study in detecting leaks were 59% and 93%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Barium swallow is an insensitive but specific test for detecting leaks at the cervical anastomotic site after esophagectomy.
Anastomotic Leak* ; Barium* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Esophageal Achalasia ; Esophagectomy* ; Esophagus ; Humans ; Mortality ; Neck ; Postoperative Period ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Wound Infection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: IBD2020 is a global forum for standards of care in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the IBD2020 survey was to identify and describe variations in quality care of IBD. METHODS: Patients with IBD from Finland, Italy, France, Canada, Germany, UK, Spain and Sweden were surveyed during 2013 to 2014, covering: disease characteristics; impact on life and work; organization and perceived quality of care. RESULTS: Seven thousand five hundred and seven patients participated (median age, 39 years [range, 10–103 years]; 2,354 male [31.4%]), including 4,097 (54.6%) with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 3,410 (45.4%) with ulcerative colitis (UC). Median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 1 year for both CD (range, 0–47 years) and UC (range, 0–46 years), with no clear evidence of improvement in diagnostic delay over the preceding 24 years. Half of the patients (3,429; 50.0%) rated their care as “excellent” or “very good,” with similar results for CD and UC across countries. Five factors were significantly (P < 0.01) associated with perceived good quality of care: quality of specialist communication; review consultation being long enough; failure to share information; no access to a dietician; speed of advice. CONCLUSIONS: The IBD2020 survey has highlighted areas related to quality of care of IBD from the patients’ perspective, with scope for improvement.
Canada ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; Crohn Disease ; Diagnosis ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Italy ; Male ; Nutritionists ; Quality of Health Care ; Spain ; Specialization ; Standard of Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sweden

No abstract available.
Aortic Valve Insufficiency ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal

Purpose: We evaluated the kinetics of the hypoxia PET radiotracers, [18F]fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO) and [18F] fluoroazomycin-arabinoside ([18F]FAZA), for tumor hypoxia detection and to assess the correlation of hypoxic kinetic parameters with static imaging measures in canine spontaneous tumors. Methods: Sixteen dogs with spontaneous tumors underwent a 150-min dynamic PET scan using either [18F]FMISO or [18F] FAZA. The maximum tumor-to-muscle ratio ­(TMR max ) > 1.4 on the last image frame was used as the standard threshold to determine tumor hypoxia. The tumor time-activity curves were analyzed using irreversible and reversible two-tissue compartment models and graphical methods. T­MR max was compared with radiotracer trapping rate (k 3 ), influx rate (K i ), and distribution volume (V T ). Results: Tumor hypoxia was detected in 7/8 tumors in the [18F]FMISO group and 4/8 tumors in the [18F]FAZA group. All hypoxic tumors were detected at > 120 min with [18F]FMISO and at > 60 min with [18F]FAZA. [18F]FAZA showed better fit with the reversible model. ­TMR max was strongly correlated with the irreversible parameters (k3 and Ki ) for [18F]FMISO at > 90 min and with the reversible parameter (V T ) for [18F]FAZA at > 120 min. Conclusions Our results showed that [18F]FAZA provided a promising alternative radiotracer to [18F]FMISO with detecting the presence of tumor hypoxia at an earlier time (60 min), consistent with its favorable faster kinetics. The strong correlation betwee TMR max over the 90–150 min and 120–150 min timeframes with [18F]FMISO and [18F]FAZA, respectively, with kinetic parameters associated with tumor hypoxia for each radiotracer, suggests that a static scan measurement ( ­TMR max ) is a good alternative to quantify tumor hypoxia.