Objective:To evaluate the clinical value of renal artery Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of renal transplant dysfunction by detecting blood perfusion in transplanted kidney with ultrasound .Methods:A total of 107 renal transplantation patients ,aged (38 .8 ± 1 .6) years in average ,including 68 new cases and 39 follow‐ups ,were recruited .Peak systolic velocity (PSV) ,end‐diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistance index (RI) ,in main renal artery ,renal segmental arteries and interlobar arteries of transplanted kidneys ,were examined by color Doppler ultrasonography .Results:Hemorheologic alterations in renal segmental arteries and interlobar arteries were closely correlated with renal function .Correlation indexes between PSV and clearance of creatinine (Ccr) were r=0 .072(P>0 .05) ,r=0 .224 (P=0 .014) and r=0 .250 (P=0 .006) ,respectively ,in main renal artery ,renal segmental arteries and interlobar arteries .Correlation indexes between RI and Ccr were r= -0 .398 (P<0 .001) ,r= -0 .400(P<0 .001) and r= -0 .436(P<0 .001) ,respectively ,in main renal artery ,renal segmental arteries and interlobar arteries .Correlation indexes between EDV and Ccr were r=0 .446(P<0 .001) ,r=0 .659(P<0 .001) and r=0 .529(P< 0 .001) ,respectively ,in main renal artery ,renal segmental arteries and interlobar arteries .The above results indicated that ,the maintenance of diastolic blood flow in renal arteries was important for renal function .The increase of RI and decrease of EDV in arteries of transplanted kidney was characteristic manifestation of chronic allograft nephropathy and vasculitic rejection .Conclusions:Renal artery Doppler ultrasonography can effectively measure the hemorheologic alterations of transplanted kidney ,thus it is an important adjuvant diagnostic tool for clinical renal transplantation .

Background: Metabolic dysregulation is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in which the abnormalities in brown adipose tissue (BAT) play important roles. However, the cellular composition and function of BAT as well as its pathological significance in diabetes remain incompletely understood. Our objective is to delineate the single-cell landscape of BAT-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and their characteristic alterations in T2DM rats. Methods: T2DM was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin and high-fat diet feeding. Single-cell mRNA sequencing was then performed on BAT samples and compared to normal rats to characterize changes in T2DM rats. Subsequently, the importance of key cell subsets in T2DM was elucidated using various functional studies. Results: Almost all cell types in the BAT-derived SVF of T2DM rats exhibited enhanced inflammatory responses, increased angiogenesis, and disordered glucose and lipid metabolism. The multidirectional differentiation potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells was also reduced. Moreover, macrophages played a pivotal role in intercellular crosstalk of BAT-derived SVF. A novel Rarres2+macrophage subset promoted the differentiation and metabolic function of brown adipocytes via adipose-immune crosstalk. Conclusion BAT SVF exhibited strong heterogeneity in cellular composition and function and contributed to T2DM as a significant inflammation source, in which a novel macrophage subset was identified that can promote brown adipocyte function.