Ginsenosides,which belongs to triterpenoid saponins of plant terpenoids,are the main active components of the valuable medicinal herbs ginseng and American ginseng.Recent studies show that ginsenosides have a variety of beneficial effects,including anti-inflamatory,antioxidant,and anticancer effects.Ginsenosides are synthesized by complicated modification of triterpenoid skeleton after cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene through triterpene saponin synthesis pathway in which they share common early steps with phytosterols synthesis.It outlines recent advances for the biosynthesis of ginsenosides,the cloning and characterization of genes encoding key enzymes in the pathway and the basal framework of ginsenosides biosynthesis pathway.The prospects of secondary metabolism engineering in the biosynthesis of plant natural products and its application in ginsenosides biosynthesis are also discussed.

This article was aimed to study the multicomponent in vivo releasing rules of Zuojin Gastric Floating Sus-tained-release Tablet. Stomach contents of rabbits were collected at different times and then prepared into solutions for the study. The HPLC was used to establish fingerprints of each time and fingerprints of completely dissolved samples. The in vivo releasing rates were calculated. The evaluation was made on releasing behaviors among index components as well as between index components and preparations. The results showed that within 10 h, the f2 of berberine and limonin, rutaecarpine, preparation were 52, 61.5, 66.4, respectively. The f2 of limonin and rutae-carpine, preparation were 70, 46.5, 53.7, respectively. It was concluded that within 10 h, the releasing behavior of berberine and limonin, rutaecarpine, preparation was similar. The releasing behavior of rutaecarpine and limonin, preparation was similar. However, the releasing behavior of limonin and preparation was different.

OBJECTIVEStudy the current quality management situation of enterprises marketing corneal contact lens via systemic investigations and explore effective administration countermeasures in the future.

METHODSThe quality management indicators of sixty-two corneal contact lens marketing enterprises in Xuhui district of Shanghai were systematically investigated and enterprises of different operation models was compared and analyzed.

RESULTSWholesale enterprises and retail chain enterprises are apparently better than independent enterprises almost in all facets.

CONCLUSIONFacilitate market accession of corneal contact lens marketing enterprises, encourage the business model of retail chain, enhance supervision of corneal contact lens marketing enterprises, especially independent franchisors.

Objectives To identify the prevalence and risk factors that were associated with poststroke cognitive impairment(PSCI)among a large cohort of consecutive ischemic stroke patients.Methods 526 consecutive patients.who had suffered from ischemic stroke 3 months ago were recruited in this study. Patients were classified as having no cognitive impairment(NCI),cognitive impairment but no dementia (CIND)and vascular dementia(VaD)according to their cognitive function.They were also categorized as with subcortical ischemic vascular diseases(SIVD)or cortical ischemic vascular diseases(CIVD)with neuroimaging findings.Their demographic data.vascular risk factors and stroke characteristics were also dacumented.Results The overall prevalence of PSCI(CIND+VaD)Was 36.7%.Compared with the NCI subjects.PSCI SObjects were older,more dominant femininely,less educated,with more cases of right hemi-paralysis and higher depression scores.but did not have more specific vascular risk factor.Separately,VaD patients demonstrated lower economic level,less spouse-caring,more prevalence of dysphasia,hisher rate of incontinence and more cases with CIVD.while CIND patients had more cases with SIVD.The VaD patients had more cortical lesions and lower depression scores than the CIND patients.On logistic regression analysis,older age,female gender,lower economic level,dysphasia,SIVD,CIVD and hisher depression scores were independent risk factors for PSCI.ConclusionPSCI is common among ischemic stroke patients and related to demographic factors.stroke types,and depression.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of donepezil for post-stroke aphasia. Methods Sixty patients with acute post-stroke aphasia were divided into treatment group and a control group. All patients had been treated for secondary prevention according to the guideline. The treatment group received donepezil hydrochloride (5 mg/d) for 12 weeks. The efficacy of treatment was measured by comparing the changes of scores of Western Aphasia Battery ( WAB) between baseline and 12 weeks later. Results Compared with the baseline, the changes of scores of all items of WAB and Aphasia Quotient ( AQ) in both group after 12 weeks follow-up were great, however, the change of AQ was significantly greater in donepezil group (34. 14 ± 17. 70) than that in control group (20. 69± 17. 26) (P =0. 004). The patients in donepezil group also showed significant recovery in spontaneous speech, comprehension, repetition, and naming than those in control group (P <0. 05 ). The rate of significant improving in donepezil group was 60. 0% which was significantly greater than that in control group ( 26. 7% ) ( P = 0. 009 ). Conclusion There are spontaneous recovery of post-stroke aphasia within 3 months. Donepezil may facilitate the recovery in spontaneous speech, comprehension,repetition,and naming functions.

Objective To evaluate the value of interventional embolism therapy for metastatic carcinoma of adrenal gland.Methods Fifty four patients with metastatic carcinoma of adrenal gland were treated with interventional catheterization perfusion and embolism therapy.Results Except one case with failure of finding the feeding artery, totally 76 sessions of interventional therapy were performed on 53 patients. Technical successful rate was 98.1% with 100% of complete release of clinical sign in 14 patients. Good deposition of iodized oil in tumor area reached 75.4% in three months after the procedure. Severe complication rate ocurred in 1.88%. Conclusion Interventional therapy seemed to be safe and effective for patients with metastatic carcinoma of adrenal gland.

Objective To respectively analyze the patterns and possible predictors of recurrent strokes among patients with initial ischemic stroke.Methods Three hundred and sixty-one patients with recurrent strokes (acute ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage) after initial ischemic strokes were collected from Jan 2004 to Dec 2009.The data about conventional risk factors such as smoking,heavy alcohol drinking,hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,heart diseases,head trauma,migraine,family history of cardiovascular disease,and the use of preventive medications were collected and analyzed among patients with different types of recurrent strokes.Results Patients (n =361) were divided into ischemic stroke group (n =321) and hemorrhagic stroke group (n =40) according to the recurrent stroke type.The ischemic stroke group was further divided into the anterior circulation stroke subgroup (n =234),the posterior circulation stroke subgroup (n =75) and watershed cerebral infarction or multiple infarction subgroup (n =12).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that older age at initial stroke onset (OR =1.036,95 ％ CI 1.006-1.067,P =0.02) and hyperlipidemia (OR =2.253,95 ％ CI 1.092-4.647,P =0.028) were both the independent risk factors for the recurrent ischemic stroke.Comparing the subgroups,multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that atrial fibrillation (OR =4.217,95％ CI 1.489-11.942,P =0.007) was the independent risk factor for the recurrent ischemic stroke in the posterior circulation territory.Conclusion Aging and hyperlipidemia are possible predictors of recurrent ischemic stroke after the initial ischemic stroke which would be useful for individualized secondary prevention of stroke.

Objective To explore exenatide in the treatment of metformin(MET)alone,sulfonylurea (SU)alone or MET + SU combination therapy with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetic pa-tients and to find effective nursing measures.Methods 24 patients were randomly divided into the con-trol group and the exenatide group with 12 patients in each group.In the exenatide group,exenatide 5μg twice a day for 4weeks,then 10μg twice a day for 12 weeks.Changes of HbAlc,body weight,BMI,FBG,P2hBG,and rate of adverse reaction were compared between two groups.Results Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc),body weight,BMI,FBG,P2hBG in the control group before and after treatment showed no significant difference,while the exenatide group showed better results compared with those before treatment and the control group.Nursing intervention played evident effect on reducing adverse effect such as nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,low blood sugar,headache.Conclusions For patients with type 2 diabetes,using MET,SU alone or MET + SU combination therapy showed poor results of blood sugar control,addition of exenatide therapy can effectively control blood sugar,nursing intervention can significantly alleviate the adverse effects of patients.

The paper is aimed to identify SNP in Sarcandra glabra and Chloranthus spicatus, and authenticate S. glabra from Ch. spicatus and the mixture by using PCR amplification of specific alleles. SNPs in the ITS sequences of S. glabra and Ch. spicatus were found by ClustulX 2. 1 program and Bioedit software. Primers for authentic S. glabra and Ch. spicatus was designed according to the SNP site, and ITS sequence universal primers plus to the authentic primer to construct a multi-PCR reaction system, and then optimized the PCR reaction system. Five hundred and eighty band special for S. glabra and 470 bp band special for Ch. spicatus were found by using multi-PCR reaction. The multi-PCR reaction system could be applied to identify S. glabra and Ch. spicatus's leaves.
DNA, Plant ; analysis ; genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal ; genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; analysis ; genetics ; Magnoliopsida ; classification ; genetics ; Plant Leaves ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; RNA, Ribosomal ; genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S ; genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S ; genetics ; Species Specificity

The study is aimed to assess the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 18 Sarcandra glabra resources from different populations,and guide parent selection of cross breeding between these resources. The molecular marker technique ISSR was used to investigate the genetic diversity of the 18 resources. Data was analyzed by POPGEN 32, and a cluster diagram was presented by UPGMA. One hundred and ninety-eight amplified fragments were obtained using 23 ISSR primers. One hundred and eighty-four polymorphic loci were identified. Nei's genetic diversity index (h) was 0.32, Shannon diversity index (I) was 0.485 4. The genetic similarity coefficient among the resources ranged from 0.383 8 to 0.878 8 in an average of 0.661 2. The genetic distance between sample S2 and sample S18 was the farthest, so as between sample S3 and sample S18 both Nei's genetic distance was 0.957 5, The genetic distance between sample S4 and sample S5 was the closest, the Nei's genetic distance was 0.129 2,and the sample S1, S2, S3, S7, S10 were significantly different from the others based on the clustering analysis, the three groups S2 vs S3, S2 vs S6, S2 vs S18 were the best parent group selection. There was a middle level of genetic differentiation in the resources. The genetic distance between resources gives useful information to guide parent selection of cross breeding.
Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA Primers ; genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Magnoliopsida ; classification ; genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny