Objective Based on the radiographs to analyze the generic and the developing factors of hallux valgus.Methods Two hundred and forty-one cases were divided into two groups according to the symptoms suffered,which were normal group and hallux valgus group.All cases were female,aged 10 to 90 years old.The three parameters-the first intermetatarsal angle,sesamoid inclination angle and hallux valgus angle,were taken full weightbearing radiographs,analyzed by non-paired t test and Pearson correlation analysis according to age.Results In normal group,the first intermetatarsal angle was correlated with age ( correlation coefficient r =0.125,P =0.003 ).Sesamoid inclination angles in both groups were correlated with age( normal group r =0.384,P ＜0.001 ;hallux valgus group r =0.359,P =0.0002 ).However,hallux valgus angle had no correlation with age ( normal group r =0.066,hallux valgus group r=0.080).All 3 parameters in hallux valgus group were statistically larger than normal group.Conclusion Aging is a possible reason to cause the 1 st metatarsophlangeal joint deformity,but larger parameters were found in valgus group,suggesting the major cause of hallux valgus is congenital factor rather than aging.

OBJECTIVE: To study the equilibrium solubility of aesculin and its apparent oil/water partition coefficient,and to provide basis for absorption mechanism study.METHODS: Equilibrium solubility of aesculin at the pH of 1.2～8.0 was determined by saturation method.The apparent oil/water partition coefficients of aesculin were determined by shaking flask method.RESULTS: The equilibrium solubility of aesculin at the pH of 1.2～6.8 was fluctuated slightly;it increased rapidly at the pH of 7.4;the maximum equilibrium solubility of aesculin was obtained at the pH of 8.0(10.58 g?L-1).The oil/water partition coefficient of aesculin changed slowly at the pH of 1.2～6.0;it decreased significantly at the pH of 6.0;the minimum oil/water partition coefficient was obtained at the pH of 8.0(0.03).CONCLUSIONS: The equilibrium solubility of aesculin and its apparent oil/water partition coefficient are associated with the pH of medium.The reason that aesculin has no effect on uric acid after oral administration is relevant to poor gastrointestinal tract absorption ability.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Arsenicals ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Diterpenes ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Epoxy Compounds ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; pathology ; Humans ; Oxides ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Phenanthrenes ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Quercetin ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

OBJECTIVE: To prepare microspheres for nasal delivery by emulsification solvent evaporation technique using water-soluble carboxylation chitosan as the drug carrier, thus to avoid using stimulatory and toxic aldehydes crosslinkers and acid solvent which are used by the traditional method. METHODS: Zolmitriptan (ZT) was used as the model drug to prepare the carboxylation chitosan microspheres. The prescription and technology were optimized to prepare the microspheres. The yield, particle sizes, appearance, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and drug release of the microspheres were evaluated. RESULTS: The microspheres prepared by the optimized method were spherical, smooth, and free flowing. The particle sizes of the microspheres were well-distributed and the mean particle size was (21.4±10.1)μm. The drug loading was 5.67% and the encapsulation efficiency was 62.4%. The in vitro release study of the microspheres showed that the drug was sustainedly released and could be released for about 85% in 8 h. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to prepare carboxylation chitosan microspheres for nasal administration by emulsification solvent evaporation method, avoiding the use of aldehydes crosslinkers and acid solvent.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of subconjunctival injection of Bevacizumab (Avastin) on corneal neovascularization(CNV) in rabbits. Methods: Forty-eight New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (group A, 3 rabbits), neovascularization group (group B, 9 rabbits) and Bevacizumab treatment group (group C, 36 rabbits). Group C was further divided into group C1 (1 day small dose group), C2 (1 day high dose group), C3 (14 days small dose group) and C4 (14 days high dose group), with 9 rabbits each group. CNV model was made by suture in group B and C. Animals in group C were injected subconjunctivally with 0.1 ml or 0.2 ml Bevacizumab (25 mg/ml) in the left eyes. The growth of CNV was observed every day after operation and the neovascularization areas calculated. Expression of VEGF in the cornea was detected by immunohistochemistry on day 7, 14 and 28 after suture. VEGF content in the aqueous humor was determined by ELISA assay. Results: CNV growth in group C1 and C2 was inhibited significantly compared with that in group B on day 7, 14 and 28 (P<0.01). On day 28 the growth in group C3 and C4 was significantly inhibited compared with that in group B (P<0.01), that in group C1 was significantly inhibited than that in group C3, and that in group C2 was significantly inhibited compared with that in group C4 (P<0.01). VEGF levels in the cornea and aqueous humor in group B increased as time passed by, and they were positively associated with CNV area (P<0.01). On day 7, 14, and 28, the VEGF levels in the cornea and aqueous humor in C1 and C2 groups were significantly lower than that in group B (P<0.01). On day 28, those in group C3 and C4 were significantly lower than those in group B (P<0.01); those in group C1 were significantly lower than those in group C3 (P<0.01); and those in group C2 were significantly lower than those in group C4 (P<0.01). The CNV area and VEGF levels in the cornea and aqueou humor were similar between C1 and C2 groups and between C3 and C4 groups. Conclusion: Subconjunctival administration of Bevacizumab can effectively inhibit corneal neovascularization in experimental CNV model, and early administration has a better outcome than late administration. Bevacizumab may exert its effect by down-regulating VEGF in cornea and aqueous humor.

Objective: To observe the changes in the anatomy of anterior segment before and after phacoemulsification for treatment of angle-closure glaucoma by Pentacam system, so as to assess the efficacy of phacoemulsification combined with artificial lens implantation(ALI) in treatment of early- and middle-stage angle-closure glaucoma. Methods: Forty-two patients with early- and middle-stage angle-closure glaucoma(44 eyes) were included in the present study. The central anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume and peripheral anterior chamber angle were examined by Pentacam system pre-operatively and 1 day, 1 week and 3 months post operatively. Meanwhile, A ultrasound was used to examine the anterior chamber depth before and 3 months after operation, and the results were compared with those by Pentacam system. Results: Pentacam system could clearly demonstrate the 3-dimensional structures of the anterior eye segment before and after operation. The central anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume and anterior chamber angle were increased significantly after operation(P<0.01); the intraocular pressure was significantly decreased(P<0.01); and the visual acuity was improved(P<0.01). The values of central anterior chamber depth and the dispersion coefficient obtained by Pentacam were smaller than those by A ultrasound. Conclusion: Pentacam system can directly demonstrate the increase of anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume, and anterior chamber angle after phacoemulsification combined with ALI in treatment of early- and middle-stage angle-closure glaucoma. It is a safe method for early examination after operation.

Objective To evaluate the visual function before and after photodynamic therapy(PDT) in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Twenty-five consecutive patients (34 eyes) treated with PDT (verteporfin) for subfoveal CNV in age-related macular degeneration diagnosed by fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Visual function including best corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity frequency, binocular function, confusion, stereo-vision, color vision, metamorphopsis and central scotoma were examed before photodynamic therapy and 1 week, 1 month, 3 month after photodynamic therapy. The follow-up time varied from 3 months to 2 years (mean 7.6 months). Results The changes of visual function at the 3rd month after photodynamic therapy revealed improving in 13 eyes (38.24%), without any change in 17 eyes (50.00%), and decreasing in 6 eyes (17.65%). Visual acuity with logMRA improved after photodynamic therapy, but without statistic difference. All spatial contrast sensitivity improved. Contrast sensitivity for spatial frequencies 5 cycles per degree (cpd) was better after photodynamic therapy with significant difference (P=0.045).Binocular function, fusion function, stereo function and color vision were slightly improved without statistic difference. Conclusion Damage of visual function in macular degeneration is many-sided. The treatment of PDT for exudative AMD can improve part visual function.

Objective To analyze the use of antibiotics in perioperative period of cesarean section,and to summarize the experience of scientific intervention to promote rational drug use.Method 192 cesarean section included in the study were inpatients in December 2015 to December 2016 in our hospital,were grouped according to the order of admission,divided into control group(95 cases)and observation group(97 cases),were given routine perioperative antibiotic treatment.The observation group was treated with scientific medication intervention,and the control group was not intervened.The two groups of white blood cell count,postoperative body temperature and hospitalization time were counted,the infection types and infection rate were counted,and the treatment costs of the two groups were counted.Results The white blood cell count of the observation group was significantly higher than the control group,postoperative body temperature recovery time and hospitalization time was significantly shorter than the control group,the difference was significant(P<0.05); after two groups appeared infection phenomenon,including urinary tract infection,incision infection and puerperal infection as well as intrauterine infection,and two groups in different types of infection and the infection rate by comparison there was no statistically significant difference; statistical analysis and comparison of treatment related costs of the two groups of patients,to observe antibacterial drug group,the total cost of expenses and hospitalization costs were significantly lower than that of the control group,and patients with antimicrobial drugs accounted for the total proportion of drugs were significantly lower than the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion Cesarean section perioperative use of antibiotics in the process,through the implementation of scientific intervention can obtain ideal effect,promote rational and normative clinical medication,reduce hospitalization expenses and antimicrobial drug costs,promote the recovery of patients after surgery,and does not increase the infection after operation.

M2 type of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) is one of the most important regulatory molecules in glycolysis,which at high level is a major feature of tumor cells.Besides,PKM2 also regulates gene transcription and cell cycle,promoting the formation,invasion and migration of tumors.Meanwhile,PKM2 can beregulated by many transcription factors,oncogene proteins,miRNA and intermediate metabolites.Extensive studies indicated that PKM2 plays an important role in the developmental tumor.In view of the significance of PKM2 in tumor cells,it holds promise for diagnosis and treatment benefits.

Antiviral therapy is the most important treatment for chronic hepatitis C.This paper reviews the progress in antiviral treatment o-ver recent years,including the combination therapy with polyethylene glycol-Interferon (PEG-IFN)and ribavirin (RBV),specific target therapy,and gene therapy.The paper believes that the anti-hepatitis C virus treatment needs more effective drug combination therapies, shorter courses,less side effect,higher drug resistance threshold,etc.