Cornea is an important part of the refractive media.Healthy cornea is clear and avascular.Corneal avascularity is necessary for the preservation of optimal vision and is maintained by a balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors.In a variety of pathologic conditions,the balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors may be tipped towards angiogenic molecules,leading to corneal neovascularization (CNV).Recent research showed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important factor responsible for CNV.Over the past several years,the safety and efficacy of several new agents targeting VEGF or VEGF receptor (VEGFR) have been verifies in many ocular neovascularization diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma,retinopathy of prematurity and CNV.These agents not only have revolutionized the therapy of ocular neovascularized disease but also have great potential for other blinding conditions such as CNV.These agents have great potential for the treatment of CNV.This article reviewed the most promising anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapies.

Under certain conditions,stress can bring physiological,behavioral or psychological response,thus affect human health and cause diseases.Available intervention methods must be adopted to eliminate or relieve internal environment disorder from severe stress.Studies of stress intervention are of great importance to maintain and promote physical and psychological health.According to the different characteristics,stress intervention methods can be divided into psychological and behavioral.This review presented the advance of stress intervention methods.

The Kashin-Beck disease is a kind of unknown cause disabling arthropathy.In recent years,many experts and scholars have done in-depth studies in Kashin-Beck disease.There is a series of research achievements having been made.In this paper we reviewed the latest progress in the condition,etiology and pathogenesis of Kashin-Beck disease.

Mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR) is a kind of Ser/Thr kinase existing in mammalian cells can regulate cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis.mTOR including two different complex forms as mTORC1 and mTORC2 .Rapamycin and rapalogs were soon found to have powerful immunosuppressant prop-erties and thus be valuable for preventing the progress of the artery atheromatous by inhibiting the function of mTORC1.But long-term rapalogs administration may increase the side actions such as mTORC1 resistance, mTORC2 inhibition, dyslipidemia.The clinical application of drug combination and dosage optimization may reduce adverse events.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT) , a process by which differentiated epithelial cells under-go a phenotypic conversion that gives rise to the matrix-producing fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, is increasingly recognized as an integral part of tissue fibrogenesis after injury.However, the degree to which renal tubular epithelial EMT contributes to kidney fibrosis remains a matter of intense debate and is likely to be context-dependent.Renal tubular EMT is an adap-tive response of epithelial cells to a hostile or changing microenvironment and is regulated by many factors.Several intrace-llular signal transduction pathways such as transforming growth factor-β( TGF-β)/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin signaling are essential in controlling the process of renal tubular epithelial EMT which are potential targets of antifibrotic therapy present-ly.This review highlights the current understanding of renal tubular epithelial EMT and its underlying mechanisms to stimu-late further discussion on its role in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis.

Objective To evaluate the effect of age on pharmacodynamics of eisatracurium target-controlled infusion(TCI). Methods Forty patients under N_2O-O_2-propofol-fentanyl anesthesia were divided into groups of Ⅰ and Ⅱ with 20 cases each. Under TOF stimulation monitoring, eisatracurium 0. 15 mg/kg was injected and tracheal intubation was performed when TOFr being zero. and the intubation conditions were evaluated. When T1 restored to 50% cisatracurium TCI started to keep TOFr less than 10%. The recovery times of neuromuscular blockade were recorded after stopping infusion. The amount of cisatracurium consumption was calculated. Results Intubation conditions the onset time and recovery index were not significantly different between two groups. The nonresponse period, duration of action, and recovery time were longer in group Ⅰ than those in group B. Cisatracurium consumption was more in group Ⅰ than that in group Ⅱ (P<0.05). Conclusion By TCI,cisatracurium dosage needed for keeping TOFr less than 10% is less,but the recovery process is still longer in the elderly than those in the younger.

ObjectiveTo study the protective effects of fluvastatin on the renal lesions in diabetic rat. MethodsThe model of diabetic rats was induced by streptozotocin. SD rats were random divided into four groups: Control group, diabetic rats group, low-dose fluvastatin group 2mg/(kg·d) and high-dose fluvastatin group 4 mg/(kg·d). After treatment for 4 weeks, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine and urinary protein were measured respectively. The expression of TGF β1 in the renal cortex was determined by RT-PCR. ResultsFluvastatin inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 Mrna in a dose-dependent manner, and had no influence on urinary protein, serum cholesterol and serum creatinine. ConclusionsFluvastatin inhibits the overexpression of TGF-β1Mrna, which may be related to independent cholesterol decreasing effect.

On the anatomy, posterior vitreous cortexneighbors with retina, the relationship of vitreous and retinal is both independent and closely linked. Under pathological condition, changes in the vitreous provides a good environment for occurrence and development of a number of vitreoretinal diseases, which indicates that vitreous plays a crucial role in many vitreoretinal diseases occurrence and growth. Elimination of vitreous change in disease, is an issue of great concern of the ophthalmic industry in recent years. Based on the description of vitreous and vitreoretinal interface structure, changes in the vitreous and retinal adhesion mechanisms and interfaces retinal disease risk factors and the impact on the retinal disease were discussed, And the posterior vitreous detachment impact on the vitreoretinal interface disease, the testing methods and its importance were described in this article.

Objective To investigate the roll of p38MAPK on the expression of osteopontin(OPN) mRNA in cultured renal tubular epithelial cells stimulated by albumin.Methods The normal renal tubular epithelial cells(NRK-52E) were incubated in the presence of albumin(30mg/ml) with or without SB203580,an inhibitor of p38MAPK.Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was performed to determine the expression of OPN mRNA and the p38MAPK phosphorylation was evaluated by Western blot analysis.Results Albumin stimulated the phosphorylation of p38MAPK in a timedependent manner,and up-regulated the expression of OPN mRNA.SB203580 could inhibit the expression of OPN mRNA.Conclusion The p38MAPK signal pathway plays an important roll in OPN mRNA expression stimulated by Albumin.

Objective To study the expression of CXCL12 and E-cadherin in condyloma acuminatum (CA) lesions caused by low-risk type (HPV6 and HPV11) humanpapilloma viruses. Methods The expressions of CXCL12 and E-cadherin mRNA in the lesions of CA caused by HPV6 and HPV11 and in the foreskins from normal males as controls were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. Results The expressions of CXCL12 in the lesions of CA were down-regulated (fold change = 20.23,P = 0.001), and the expressions of E-cadherin were up-regulated (fold change = 3.129,P > 0.05). Conclusions The expression of CXCL12 is lower and the expression of E-cadherin is higher in the lesions of CA caused by low-risk HPV. It suggests that HPV may suppress local immune response and change the adhesion between langerhans cells and keratinocytes , which may contribute greatly to the persistent infection of HPV and relapse of CA.