Benzethonium chloride is quaternary ammonium compounds, which may cross-react with benzalkonium chloride. It has been used in the treatment of burns, ulcers, wounds, and infected dermatoses and also present in many cosmetics, deodorants, mouthwashes, dentifrices, lozenges, and ophthalmic preparations. Cetostearyl alcohol is used as emulsifiers and can be considered as preservatives. A 19-year-old female presented with well-demarcated adult-fist sized dark-reddish patch on the left shin. She had applied Senepul(R) (disinfectant solution) 3 months ago due to scratching wound and applied Travogen(R). Patch test with Korean standard series and the ingredients of used topical agents showed positive reactions to benzethonium chloride and cetostearyl alcohol.
Benzalkonium Compounds ; Benzethonium* ; Burns ; Dentifrices ; Deodorants ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact* ; Female ; Humans ; Mouthwashes ; Patch Tests ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Skin Diseases ; Ulcer ; Wounds and Injuries ; Young Adult

Glycopyrrolate and propantheline, being synthetic quaternary ammonium compounds that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, will not have the vagal center stimulation. The author administered each small dose of glycopyrrolate and propantenline intravenously to normal human volunteers, and compared its effect on the heart rate. The result were as follows. 1) Glycopyrrolate(0.1mg) produced a slight decrease on the heart rate. 2) Propantheline (0.5mg) produced no detectable change on the heart rate. 3) Glycopyrrolate(0.1mg) 10min. after pretreatment with propantheline(0.5mg) produced a significant increase on the heart rate. 4) Propantheline(0.5mg) 10 minutes after pretreatment with glycopyrrolate(0.1mg) produced more significant increase on the heart rate than glycopyrrolate after propantheline. 5) From the above results, it is suggested that the depressive effect of sympathetic ganglion by propantheline may be less than by glycopyrrolate.
Blood-Brain Barrier ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Glycopyrrolate* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Propantheline* ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Although stress fracture of lower extremity is a relatively common, stress fracture of medial malleolus is rare. So we report one case. He is a 17 year old soccer player and successfully treated with surgical treatment (open reduction and internal fixation with one screw.
Animals ; Ankle ; Fractures, Stress ; Lower Extremity ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Soccer

No abstract available.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

No abstract available.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Ameloblastoma ; Dentigerous Cyst ; Female ; Humans ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Recurrence

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the direct effects of melatonin on bladder activity and to determine the mechanisms responsible for the detrusor activity of melatonin in the isolated rat bladder. We evaluated the effects of melatonin on the contractions induced by phenylephrine (PE), acetylcholine (ACh), bethanechol (BCh), KCl, and electrical field stimulation (EFS) in 20 detrusor smooth muscle samples from Sprague-Dawley rats. To determine the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory responses to melatonin, melatonin-pretreated muscle strips were exposed to a calcium channel antagonist (verapamil), three potassium channel blockers [tetraethyl ammonium (TEA), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), and glibenclamide], a direct voltage-dependent calcium channel opener (Bay K 8644), and a specific calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor (KN-93). Melatonin pretreatment (10(-8)~10(-6) M) decreased the contractile responses induced by PE (10(-9)~10(-4) M) and Ach (10(-9)~10(-4) M) in a dose-dependent manner. Melatonin (10(-7) M) also blocked contraction induced by high KCl ([KCl]ECF; 35 mM, 70 mM, 105 mM, and 140 mM) and EFS. Melatonin (10(-7) M) potentiated the relaxation response of the strips by verapamil, but other potassium channel blockers did not change melatonin activity. Melatonin pretreatment significantly decreased contractile responses induced by Bay K 8644 (10(-11)~10(-7) M). KN-93 enhanced melatonin-induced relaxation. The present results suggest that melatonin can inhibit bladder smooth muscle contraction through a voltage-dependent, calcium-antagonistic mechanism and through the inhibition of the calmodulin/CaMKII system.
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester ; 4-Aminopyridine ; Acetylcholine ; Animals ; Benzylamines ; Bethanechol ; Calcium Channels ; Contracts ; Melatonin ; Muscle, Smooth ; Muscles ; Nocturia ; Phenylephrine ; Phosphotransferases ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Relaxation ; Sulfonamides ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive ; Verapamil

OBJECTIVETo synthesize a novel nano-antibacterial inorganic filler and provide a new way to give dental composite resin antibacterial property.

METHODSQuaternary ammonium iodide N,N,N-trimethyl-3-(trimethoxysilyl) propan-1-aminium iodide were organically synthesized firstly and then the N,N,N-trimethyl-3-(trimethoxysilyl) propan-1-aminium iodide was grafted to the nano-silica particle to synthesize the antihacterial inorganic fillers nano-silica particle grafted with quaternary ammonium salt. All the products were analyzed and identified by infrared spectrum analysis. Then Streptococcus mutans were chosen as experimental object to analysis the antibacterial property of nanoantibacterial inorganic filler.

RESULTSQuaternary ammonium salt was grafted to the surface of nano-silica particles successfully by infrared spectrum analysis. Compared with the control group, the nano-silica particle grafted with quaternary ammonium salt had a strong bactericidal effect on Streptococcus mutons (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe nano-silica particle grafted with quaternary ammonium salt has a strong antibacterial property and could be used to improve dental composite resin antibacterial property.

BACKGROUND: The current study examined the acute systemic toxicity of QX-314 that there have been few research results for this so far. In order to be useful as a drug, it must be shown to have minimal toxicities. Hence, we compared the CNS and cardiac toxicities of QX-314 to the conventional local anesthetic lidocaine. METHODS: Acute toxicity was evaluated by determining the individual intravenous CD50 and LD50 of QX-314 and lidocaine. There were four doses for each LD50 determination and 8 animals per dose level. Animals were observed for several hours immediately following drug administration and recorded overt effects and fatalities. Both lidocaine and QX-314 were dissolved in saline. Lidocaine and QX-314 were diluted to 1, 2, 4, 6 and 0.5, 1, 2, 4%, respectively with saline and injected at the same volume to minimized cardiovascular effect. RESULTS: The intravenous CD50 and LD50 were 12.7 and 14.1 mg/kg for QX-314 and 15.7 and 28.8 mg/kg for lidocaine. Electrocardiograms showed intraventricular block (widened QRS complex) at high doses of lidocaine compared to AV block (loss of QRS complex) at high concentrations of QX-314. There are no evidence that CNS toxicity led mouse to death. CONCLUSIONS: QX-314 is about 1.5 times as toxic as lidocaine. Although QX-314 may still be useful clinically as a long-lasting local anesthetic, its safety relative to other available local anesthetics must be considered.
Anesthetics, Local ; Animals ; Atrioventricular Block ; Electrocardiography ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Lidocaine ; Mice ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to review the results of two surgical methods of simple decompression for treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome. METHODS: Surgical procedure of simple decompression of the ulnar nerve using the conventional method requires a relatively long incision of 6-8 cm. Later with accumulating experience, we performed simple decompression using a skin incision of 2 cm or less. Between November 2005 and July 2010, simple decompression using the conventional method was performed in 10 elbows (Group 1), and simple decompression using the small skin incision method was performed in 10 elbows (Group 2). The surgical outcome was evaluated and the two groups were compared using a modified Bishop scoring system. We also compared the operation time and hospital stay between the two groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the outcomes between the two groups using the modified Bishop scoring system (p>0.05). Also, there were no significant differences in the postoperative electrodiagnostic study results between the two groups (p>0.05). However, the operation time and hospital stay were significantly shorter in Group 2 (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Both the methods can be recommended for the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome due to their advantages including simplicity and safety of the method. However, the small skin incision method is superior to the conventional method due to the shorter operation time and hospital stay.
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome ; Decompression ; Elbow ; Length of Stay ; Lipids ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Skin ; Ulnar Nerve