OBJECTIVETo study the effect of quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan (HACC) in purifying aqueous extracts of Zhisou Dingchuan oral solution.

METHODModified quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan was used to flocculate aqueous extracts of Zhisou dingchuan oral solution, with turbidity degree and the retention rate of ephedrine and glycyrrhizin as indicators, to detect the influences of flocculant dosage, suspension temperature, mixing speed and time on flocculation effect. The optimum process conditions were found through orthogonal experimental design.

RESULTThe optimum process conditions: the flocculation temperature 30 degrees C, HACC's dosage 0.4 g x L(-1), the fast mixing speed 500 r x min(-1) and its time 1 min, the slow mixing speed 50 r x min(-1) and it time 2.4 10 min. Under the conditions, the retention rate of ephedrine was 97.6%, the turbidity degree was 1.1 NTU and 2.8 NTU after 30 days.

CONCLUSIONHACC can be used to purify aqueous extracts of Zhisou Dingchuan oral solution.

Chitosan ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Flocculation ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; chemistry ; Solutions ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of nitrogen forms on nitrogen metabolism and main chemical composition of Pinellia ternate.

METHODThrough the soilless cultivation experiment and based at the same nitrogen level and different NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratios, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in different parts of P. ternate were determined. The contents of total alkaloid, free total organic acids and guanosine in the tuber were determined. The yield of bulbil and tuber was calculated.

RESULTThe test results showed that, with the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio increasing, the activity of nitrate reductase decreased, the content of nitrate nitrogen in the leaves, petioles and tuber increasing initially, then decreased, and the content of nitrate nitrogen in the root decreased. Meanwhile, with the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio increasing, the activity of glutamine synthetase in the leaves, petioles and root increased, the activity of glutamine synthetase in the tuber increasing initially, then decreased. The contents of ammonium nitrogen in the leaves, tuber and root increased initially, then decreased, and the contents of ammonium nitrogen in the petioles increased with the NH4(+)(-N/NO3(-)-N ratio increasing. The yield of bulbil and tuber were the highest at the NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 75: 25. The content of total alkaloid and guanosine in the tuber were the highest at the NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 0: 100, and the contents were 0.245% and 0.0197% respectively. With the NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 50: 50, the content of free total organic acids was the highest, it reached 0.7%, however, the content of free total organic acids was the lowest at the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 0: 100.

CONCLUSIONNitrogen fertilization significant influences the nitrogen metabolism, the yield and main chemical composition of P. ternate.

Fertilizers ; analysis ; Nitrates ; analysis ; Nitrogen ; metabolism ; Pinellia ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo prepare three quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) monomers, and to compare their antibacterial activities against four oral bacterial strains.

METHODSThree antibacterial monomers [methacryloxyethyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMAE-BC), methacryloxyethyl m-chloro benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMAE-m-CBC), methacryloxyethyl cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMAE-CB)] were synthesized according to the general structure of target monomers. Their antibacterial effects were investigated using the broth dilution test on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica ).

RESULTSThree different monomers were successfully obtained. All the tested bacterial strains were susceptible to the three monomers, among which DMAE-CB exhibited the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 1.2 to 4.8 mg/L.

CONCLUSIONSAll these three QAS monomers have different antibacterial activities against four oral bacteria strains. The data indicate that DMAE-CB may be a candidate antibacterial agent for oral infectious diseases.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Dental Materials ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; chemistry ; pharmacology

Sodium cellulose sulfate (NaCS)/Ploy-dimethyl-dially-ammonium-chloride (PDMDAAC) microcapsules were used as a novel pseudo "Cell Factory" to immobilize mixed bacteria for hydrogen production under anaerobic conditions. Compared to free cells, the hydrogen production was increased more than 30% with NaCS/PDMDAAC microcapsules as the pseudo "Cell Factory". The biomass was increased from 1.5 g/L in free cell culture to 3.2 g/L in the pseudo "Cell Factory". This pseudo "Cell Factory" system showed the excellent stability during 15 repeated-batches. The hydrogen yield maintained 1.73-1.81 mol H2/mol glucose. The fermentation cycle was shortened from 48 h to 24 h, resulting in an increase of 198.6% in the hydrogen production rate. There were high percentage of butyric acid and acetic acid in the culture broth, which meant that the pseudo "Cell Factory" established in the present work could be used for the multi-product system.
Bacteria ; classification ; genetics ; metabolism ; Capsules ; Cells, Immobilized ; metabolism ; Cellulose ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Fermentation ; Hydrogen ; metabolism ; Polyethylenes ; chemistry ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; chemistry

AIMTo propose a new simple and sensitive voltammetric method for determination of proteins.

METHODSProtein with sulfhydryl or disulfide bond in 0.5 mol x L(-1) NaOH, 1.5 x 10(-4) mol x L(-1) Pb2+ and 0.02% tetrabutylammonium iodide was heated in boiling water for 5 minutes. The reactive product gave a well defined reductive adsorption wave at -0.66 V (vs SCE) by means of single sweep polarography, and the height of derivative wave was proportional to the concentration of proteins.

RESULTSThe peak height was linearly proportional to bovine serum albumin (BSA) or human serum albumin (HSA) concentration in range of 7.5 x 10(-10) -3.0 x 10(-7) mol x L(-1) (r(BSA) = 0.9995, and r(HSA) = 0.9990). The detection limit of BSA or HSA was 3.0 x 10(-10) mol x L(-1). For lysozyme (Lyso), the concentration range was from 1.4 x 10(-8) to 1.3 x 10(-6) mol x L(-10 (r(Lyso) = 0.9997) and the detection limit was 7.0 x 10(-9) mol x L(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple, rapid, sensitive and applicable to the assay of diluted human serum albumin samples.

Adsorption ; Animals ; Humans ; Lead ; Muramidase ; analysis ; Polarography ; methods ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Serum Albumin ; analysis ; chemistry ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; analysis ; chemistry ; Sodium Hydroxide

OBJECTIVEThe effects of different nitrogen forms on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Prunella vulgaris were observed.

METHODWater culture experiments were carried out to observe the effects of NH4+: NO3- ratios(100:0, 75: 25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100 in mmol x L(-1)) on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of P. vulgaris.

RESULTThe leaf area, fresh biomass and P(n) of these cultivars increased with the increasing of NH4(+) -N: NO3(-) -N ratios, and they were found to be the highest in 25: 75 NH4(+) -N: NO3)-) -N. However, they decreased with the increasing NH4(+) -N: NO3(-) -N ratio further. P. vulgaris had a minimum leaf area, biomass, chlorophyll content and P(n) in pure ammonium group. The biggest chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were found in the ratios of NH4(+) -N to NO3(-) -N of 50: 50.

CONCLUSIONThe results indicated that properly increasing nitrate proportion could promote the growth and photosynthesis of P. vulgaris.

Biomass ; Chlorophyll ; Nitrogen ; chemistry ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Photosynthesis ; drug effects ; Plant Leaves ; drug effects ; Prunella ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; chemistry ; metabolism

The purpose of this study is to investigate the function of a novel potassium transporter gene (NrHAK1) isolated from Nicotiana rustica roots using yeast complement and real-time PCR technique. The complementary DNA (cDNA) of NrHAK1, 2 488 bp long, contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 2 334 bp encoding a protein of 777 amino acids (87.6 kDa) with 12 predicted transmembrane domains. The NrHAK1 protein shows a high sequence similarity to those of high-affinity potassium transporters in Mesembryanthemum, Phytolacca acinosa, Arabidopsis thaliana, and so on. We found that the NrHAK1 gene could complement the yeast-mutant defect in K+ uptake. Among several tissues surveyed, the expression level of NrHAK1 was most abundant in the root tip and was up-regulated when exposed to potassium starvation. Moreover, the transcript accumulation was significantly reduced by adding 5 mmol/L NH4+ to the solution. These results suggest that NrHAK1 plays an important role in potassium absorption in N. rustica.
Cation Transport Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; physiology ; Plant Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; physiology ; Potassium ; metabolism ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; pharmacology ; Sodium ; pharmacology ; Tobacco ; genetics ; metabolism

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process is a high-rate nitrogen removal technology that has been applied in sludge dewatering effluents treatment with nitrogen removal rate as high as 9.5 kg/(m x d). However, due to the slow growth rate of the autotrophic Anammox bacteria and the susceptivity to environmental conditions, the start-up of Anammox process is very long; the operation is unstable; and the nitrogen removal from organic-containing and/or toxicant-containing ammonium-rich wastewaters using Anammox process becomes difficult. Thus, the application of this high-rate process is significantly limited. In this paper, a newly-developed Anammox process with sequential biocatalyst (Anammox biomass) addition was established based on the procedure in fermentation engineering. We introduced the Anammox process with sequential biocatalyst addition on start-up, stable operation and the treatment of organic-containing and toxicant-containing ammonium-rich wastewaters. Results show that supplementing high-activity Anammox biomass into reactors will increase the amount of as well as the ratio of Anammox bacteria. Thus, the innovative Anammox process with sequential biocatalyst addition not only accelerates the start-up course, but also enhances the stability of Anammox process. Furthermore, it overcomes the drawbacks of wastewaters containing high organic content and toxic substances. Therefore, the application of Anammox process may be further enlarged.
Bacteria, Anaerobic ; enzymology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; Biomass ; Bioreactors ; microbiology ; Enzymes ; chemistry ; Nitrogen ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; methods

OBJECTIVETo develop a resin composite incorporated with nano-antibacterial inorganic filler containing long-chain alkyl quaternary ammonium salt, and to measure its effect on human dental plaque microcosm biofilm.

METHODSA novel nano-antibacterial inorganic filler containing long-chain alkyl quaternary ammonium salt was synthesized according to methods introduced in previous research. Samples of the novel nano-antibacterial inorganic fillers were modified by a coupling agent and then added into resin composite at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% mass fractions; 0% composite was used as control. A flexural test was used to measure resin composite mechanical properties. Results showed that a dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was formed. Colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, lactic acid production, and live/dead assay of biofilm on the resin composite were calculated to test the effect of the resin composite on human dental plaque microcosm biofilm.

RESULTSThe incorporation of nano-antibacterial inorganic fillers with as much as 15% concentration into the resin composite showed no adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the resin composite (P > 0.05). Resin composite containing 5% or more nano-antibacterial inorganic fillers significantly inhibited the metabolic activity of dental plaque microcosm biofilm, suggesting its strong antibacterial potency (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThis novel resin composite exhibited a strong antibacterial property upon the addition of up to 5% nano-antibacterial inorganic fillers, thereby leading to effective caries inhibition in dental application.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Biofilms ; drug effects ; Composite Resins ; chemistry ; Dental Caries ; prevention & control ; Dental Plaque ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; pharmacology ; Saliva

In order to select better seeding sludge and promote start-up of Anammox reactors, we studied the start-up performances of three Anammox-EGSB bioreactors inoculated with anaerobic methanogenic sludge (AMS) (R1), Fresh Anammox sludge (FAS) (R2) and stored Anammox sludge (SAS) (R3), respectively. Results showed that these three seeding sludges could start up Anammox-EGSB bioreactors successfully, but the start-up progresses showed different characteristics. The start-up course of R1 could be divided into three phases including autolysis phase (15 d), lag phase (54 d) and activity elevation phase (40 d). However, the start-up courses of R2 and R3 only included lag phase (2 d and 12 d, respectively) and activity elevation phase (15 d and 57 d, respectively). Besides, the performance of R3 was better than that of R1, but worse than that of R2. Furthermore, bathing the Anammox sludge in the effluent of bioreactors was a convenient and effective way to keep the activity of the Anammox sludge. The ammonia removal efficiency, percentage of denitrification and the stoichiometric ratios of NH4(+)-Nr/NO2(-)-Nr and NO3(-)-Np/NH4(+)-Nr could serve as indicators to monitor the start-up of Anammox bioreactors.
Bacteria, Anaerobic ; metabolism ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bioreactors ; microbiology ; Nitrogen ; metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; metabolism ; Sewage ; chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; metabolism