Objective To evaluate the accuracy of auditory evoked potential index (AAI) in monitoring the anesthetic depth during isoflurane anesthesia.Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 18-55 years and undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study. The patients were unpremedicated. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg, fentanyl 3 μg/kg and propofol 1 mg/kg. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with recuronium 0.1 mg/kg. The patients were mechanically ventilated (VT:40 mm Hg. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane inhalation and intermittent intravenous boluses of vecuronium. Isoflurane was started with high-flow (FGF, 3 L/min) for 12 min followed by low-flow (LGF, 0.5 L/min). The inspired isoflurane concentration was set at 3%. The electrocardiogram (ECG), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal isoflurane concentration and AAI were continuously monitored during anesthesia and recorded before induction of anesthesia (baseline, To ), immediately after induction (T1), immediately before isoflurane inhalation (T2), at 3 min(T3), 6 min (T4), 9 min (T5) and 12 min (T6) during high-flow wash-in and at the end-tidal isoflurane concentrations of 0.8 MAC (T7), 1.0 MAC (T8) and 1.3 MAC (T9) during low-flow inhalation of isoflurane, respectively.Results AAI decreased gradually while the end-tidal isoflurane concentration increased during high-flow wash-in. And AAI was negatively correlated with the end-tidal isoflurane concentrations ( r = -0.896, P ＜ 0.01 ) during low-flow inhalation of isoflurane anesthesia.

Objective To compare the efficacy of different target concentrations of etomidate in combination with midazolam,fentanyl and rocuronium used to induce anesthesia for tracheal intubation.Methods Eighty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ and Mallampati Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 25-50 yr,weighing 57-76 kg,scheduled for elective non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia,were randomly allocated into 4 groups according to the target effect-site concentration of etomidate (n =20 each) ∶ 0.5 μg/ml group (group E0.5),0.7 μg/ml group (group E0.7),0.9μg/ml group (group E0.9) and 1.1 μg/ml group (group E1.1).The patients were unpremedicated.Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg,fentanyl 3 μg/kg,rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg and etomidate given by target-controlled infusion.When the effect-site concentration of etomidate reached 0.5,0.7,0.9 or 1.1 μg/ml,endotracheal intubation was performed.Auditory evoked potential index was recorded before induction of anesthesia (baseline),immediately before intubation,during insertion of the laryngoscope,and at 1,3 and 5 min after intubation.Myoclonus,injection pain,the requirement for vasoactive agents and burst suppression (BS) were recorded during induction of anesthesia.Results Compared with group E0.5,the requirement for urapidil was significantly decreased in group E0.7,the requirement for esmolol and urapidil was significantly decreased and the incidence of BS was increased in group E0.9,the requirement for esmolol and urapidil was significantly decreased,and the requirement for atropine and ephedrine and incidence of BS were increased in group E1.1 (P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of BS was significantly higher in group E0.9,and the requirement for atropine and incidence of BS were significantly higher in group E1.1 than in group E0.7 (P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of BS was significantly higher in group E1.1 than in group E0.9 (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in auditory evoked potential index and incidences of myoclonus and injection pain among the four groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The optimum target concentration of etomidate is 0.7μg/ml when combined with midazolam,fentanyl and rocuronium used to induce anesthesia.

Syringaresinol-4---d-glucoside (SSG), a furofuran-type lignan, was found to modulate lipid and glucose metabolism through an activity screen of lipid accumulation and glucose consumption, and was therefore considered as a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorder, especially in lipid and glucose metabolic homeostasis. In this study, the effects of SSG on lipogenesis and glucose consumption in HepG2 cells and C2C12 myotubes were further investigated. Treatment with SSG significantly inhibited lipid accumulation by oil red O staining and reduced the intracellular contents of total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride in HepG2 cells. No effect was observed on cell viability in the MTT assay at concentrations of 0.1-10 μmol/L. SSG also increased glucose consumption by HepG2 cells and glucose uptake by C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the beneficial effects were associated with the down-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1c, -2 (), fatty acid synthase (), acetyl CoA carboxylase () and hydroxyl methylglutaryl CoA reductase (), and up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma (and). SSG also significantly elevated transcription activity oftested by luciferase assay. These results suggest that SSG is an effective regulator of lipogenesis and glucose consumption and might be a candidate for further research in the prevention and treatment of lipid and glucose metabolic diseases.