Regulatory T cells (Treg),a group of negative regulatory cells,have four subsets:CD4+Treg,CD8 + Treg,NKT Treg and DN Treg cells.They play an essential role in the inhibitive immune-regulation and might be the key factors of neoplasms immune escape.These mechanisms include inhibiting the effector cell function by inhibitory cytokines,killing effector cells by granzyme and perforin,competition and inhibiting IL-2,and affecting Treg differentiation and proliferation by regulating the function of CTLA-4,etc.Tumor immunotherapies targeting Treg and related immunosuppressive factors,such as remove Treg or controling the numbers and functions,enhances the immune response against tumors,which might offer a new method of tumor immunotherapy.

Glucose metabolism of cancer cells presents Warburg effect.In resent years,more and more experiments demonstrate that the therapeutics based on aerobic glycolysis pathway in cancer cells restrict energy and inhibit tumor proliferation through the inhibition of a variety of moleculars,genes and signal pathways.These can provide an opportunity for targeted cancer therapies and possess enormous potential advantages and broad prospects in clinical application.

Objective To assess the necessary excision of normal parenchyma tissue in nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. Methods 102 specimens from radical nephrectomy for RCC were step sectioned at 3 mm intervals and examined.The tumor and field 20 mm beyond pseudocapsule were continuously sectioned and examined for completeness of pseudocapsule,the presence of micro multifocal carcinoma and for vascular and parenchyma invasion beyond pseudocapsule. Results 49 (48.0%) of the 102 specimens were void of intact pseudocapsule.The presence of extra pseudocapsule cancerous lesions was within 0～8 mm [(1.2?1.9) mm] beyone the capsule,with 30.4% of them within the field of 1～8 mm.with the statistic method of one side analysis of frequency,the percentile value of P97.5 and P100.0 was 7.4 and 8.0 mm respectively. Conclusions These data denote that when nephron sparing surgery is done for renal cell carcinoma,at least 10 mm of normal parenchyma tissue beyond the pseudocapsule should be excised with the tumor.The nucleation techniquc should not be encouraged.

0.4).ConclusionsThese data denote that biological behaviors and malignant features of multifocal tumors are very similar to those of primary ones.In addition,considering the significant relationship of multicentricity with vascular invasion and incompleteness of pseudocapsule of RCC,it is suggested that the secondary tumors might be more likely the result of intrarenal metastasis of the primary tumor rather than the results of multifocal genesis.

Purpose: Detect cytokeratin 19 mRNA(CK-19 mRNA) in nucleated cells in peripheral blood from breast cancer. To establish a diagnostic method for breast cancer metastasis in peripheral blood. Methods: Peripheral blood samples in breast cancer patients (test group, n = 66) and benign tumour in breast patients ( control group, n = 37) were taken. Then, the nucleated cells were separated and total RNA extracted, and CK-19 mRNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Results: Samples were diagnosed CK-19 mRNA positive when 460 bp band appeared in RT-PCR end-product. The positive rate of CK-19 mRNA is 36. 36 % (24/66) in test group . None of the benign tumour breast patients expressed CK-19 mRNA. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P

Anti-neovascularization is an important research direction in the current treatment of gastric cancer.The inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) are main research focus.At present,the inhibitors of the pathways of VEGF and VEGFR in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer include bevacizumab,ramucirumab,apatinib,regorafenib,sorafenib,et al.These drugs provide more possibilities for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer.

Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of small margin in nephron sparing surgery for early localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods A total of 325 cases of RCC with normal contralateral kidney and staged as Tla were retrospectivly studied.According to the margin size,125 cases were with surgical margin ≤ 5 mm (group ≤ 5 mm),102 cases with margin 6-9 mm (group 6-9 mm) and 98 cases with margin ＞ 10 mm (group ＞ 10 mm).The margin size and status was pathologically evaluated and clinical results including local recurrence,distant metastasis and overall survival rate were followed up and comparatively analyzed. Results None of the patients had positive surgical margins.The mean and median margin sizes were 2.2 and 2.0 mm for group ≤ 5 mm,6.7 and 6.0 mm for group 6-9 mm and 11.8 and 12.0 mm for group ＞ 10 mm.The difference was statistically significant (P=0.025).The mean and median follow-up time for all the patients were 79 and 83 months (range 15-132 months),with 69 and 73 months (range,15-130 months) for group ≤ 5 mm,83 and 86 (range,17-132 months) for group 6-9mm and 82 and 82 (range 60-103 months) for group ＞ 10 mm.Three patients in group ≤ 5 mm,5 in group 6-9 mm and 2 in group ＞ 10 mm died of no-cancer related disease during follow-up.One patient in group ≤ 5 mm (0.74％) experienced ectopic recurrence in the same kidney and one in group 6-9 mm was detected local recurrence in situ (0.98％).No distant metastasis was detected in all the patients.The overall 5-year survival rate for patients in groups ≤ 5mm,6-9 mm and ＞ 10 mm were 99.2％,99.0％ and 98.0％,respectively.(Kaplan-Meier survival analysis,Log Rank,x2 =1.511,P=0.470). Conclusions Small margin in nephron sparing surgery is safe and effective in treating RCC with stage T1a,which provides excellent renal function preservation,favorable long-term progression-free survival rate,and is not associated with an increased risk of local recurrence.

Objective To assess the effect of aspirin for the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas by meta analysis of the published literature.Methods Cochrane strategy in combination with manual search was used to identify previously published randomized controlled trials by searching PubMed,EMBase,Cochrane Library,China Journal Full-text Database(CNKI),Chinese Scientific Journal Full-text Database (CSJD) and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM).Results Six randomized controlled trials involving a total of 2 858 patients were studied.Of the six trials,two trials were performed in China,four trials were in the Europe and the United States.Some sufficient evidence were found to support that aspirin could prevent of colorectal adenomas compared with placebo group ( P =0.003,RR =0.66,95％ CI:0.50-0.86).No adaquate evidence supported the role of aspirin in the prevention of development of colorectal cancer ( P =0.29,RR =0.65,95％ CI:0.30-1.44).High-dose aspirin ( P =0.10,RR =0.85,95％ CI:0.71-1.30 ) and low-dose aspirin could prevent colorectal adenomas compared with placebo group( P =0.02,RR =0.57,95％ CI:0.36-0.90),and a dose-dependent associtation was found.The risk of stroke was higher in any dose of aspirin compared with placebo group ( P =0.04),and the risks of adverse events had no significant differences in all groups.Conclusion Aspirin might prevent the development of colorectal adenomas in individuals,but could not prevent the colorectal cancer.

Cancer stem cells are a subclass of stem-cell-like tumor cells.They have an apparently higher tumorigenicity than other cell populations within the same tumor.They play a Very important role in genesis,development and maintenance of cancer.The data from research in leukemia and solid timors suggest that in each cancer tissue,only a small fraction of the cells have the ability to initiate tumor,which are called cancer stem cells.In recent years,with in-depth research on stem cells and cancer stem cells,accumulating evidence suggests that cancer stem cells are the cause of malignant tumor metastasis and recurrence and are resistant current callcer drugs.Drugs targeting cancer stem cells are urgently needed. Flow cytometry and magnetic cell sorting using the identified tumor stem cell surface markers are mainly used to separate cancer stem cells or stem cell-like cells. In this article,the concept of cancer stem cells and the commonly used approaches to isolate and identify cancer stem cells,especially for gastric cancer stem cells will be reviewed.

Objective To assess the association between glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1 )gene and the susceptibility of colorectal cancer among Chinese population.Methods Clinical controlled trials of the association between GSTT1 and the susceptibility of colorectal cancer among Chinese population were searched in PubMed,EMBase,Cochrane Library,China Biology Medicine disc,VIP database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang database.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,data extraction and quali-ty assessment were done by two researchers independently.Outcomes were pooled with RevMan 5.1 .Results 326 studies were found and 10 clinical controlled trails including 2 983 cases of colorectal cancer and 4 386 cases of healthy objects were included in this analysis.The results of Meta-analysis showed that the lack of GSTT1 gene is associated with colorectal cancer susceptibility (RR =1 .11 ,95%CI:1 .06-1 .17,Z =4.26,P <0.000 1 ). Conclusion The loss of GSTT1 increase the risk of colorectal cancer among Chinese population.