On the basis of my experiences in advanced neurosurgeons teaching,I realized that it was important to accomplish the following tasks:to make reasonable plan in advanced teaching,to constitute strict rules,to attach importance to clinical neuroanato- my teaching,to cultivate clinical ability,and to strengthen medical morality construction.Only by doing these can we improve the advanced education quality.

Objective:To investigate the level of excitatory amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid and the effect of magnesium sulfate on the excitatory amino acids following traumatic brain injury. Methods:The Feeney′s model of the excitatory amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid (glutamate and aspartate) were measured by amino acid analysis from rats in different time. Results:1. The glutamate and aspartate in the cerebrospinal fluid increased largely 2 hours after traumatic brain injury(P0.05).2.Magnesium inhibited strongly the releasing of the excitatory amino acids at 2h and 8h after the traumatic brain injury(P0.05).Conclusion:Plenty releasing of excitatory amino acid may play an important role at the phase of posttraumatic neuronal injury.Magnesium sulfate can inhibit early releasing of excitatory amino acids.Administering magnesium sulfate may be the optimal choice for treating traumatic brain injury.

Objective:To investigate apoptosis of neurone in rats following traumatic brain injury and the effects of magnesium sulfate on apoptosis of neurone after brain injury.Methods:Based upon the Feeney′s model the cellular apoptosis was observed in injuried cortex and hippocampus at the 2nd hour to the 5th day after medium traumatic brain injury by TUNEL technique.Results:1.The cellular apoptosis was observed in the injuried cerebral hemisphere at the 2nd hour after traumatic brain injury.The number of apoptotic cells reached its peak at the 2nd to the 3rd day after traumatic brain injury, then gradually reduced at the 5th day after traumatic brain injury.2.At the 8th hour to the 3rd day after treatment with magnesium sulfate,the number of the cellular apoptosis in the injuried cortex and hippocampus reduced significantly compared with the controls (P

Objective:To study the expression of apoptosis related gene survivin and its relationship with the expression of bcl-2,bax protein in glioma.Methods:Expression of survivin,bcl-2 and bax protein was detected by immunohistochemical method(SP) in 40 cases of glioma,and compared with those in 10 cases of normal brain tissue.The correlation between them was analyzed.Results:The expression rate(42.5%) of survivin protein in glioma was much higher than that(0%) in normal brain tissue(P

Objective: To study the expression and significance of apoptosis related gene survivin in meningiomas.Methods: The expression of survivin protein was detected by immunohistochemical method(SP) in 60 cases of meningiomas,and its relationship with pathological parameters was analyzed.Results: The expression rate of survivin protein in meningioma of Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅲ grade were 32.0%,60.0% and 86.7% respectively,and there were great differences among the three groups(P

On the basis of experiences in guiding five-year system undergraduates in their clinic practice,we realized that it was important to accomplish the following tasks:both teachers and students should have good preparation for it;teachers should instruct students in interrogation and physical examination;teachers should cultivate students' clinic thoughts;teachers should help students to summarize their practice.

Because of the specificity and complexity,of obstetrics and gynecology,interns often meet doctor-patient communication problems during the internship.This study explores these problems to enhance interns' doctor-patient communication and to cultivate interns' technical proficiency.We have also made them grasp the methods and skills of doctor-patient communication,and enable them to successfully communicate with patients on internship.

Great difficulties and challenges are existed in the training of clinical type postgraduate of neurosurgery because of the acute onset,server illness and difficult diagnosis of neurosurgical diseases.This paper proposed countermeasures of combing theory with clinical practice and strengthening comprehensive ability after analyzing problems of inadequate professional knowledge,lack of doctor-patient communication and insufficient clinical thinking and innovating ability.The aim was to cultivate the overall quality of postgraduates,making them more qualified for the difficult task of being neurosurgery clinicians.

Clinical medicine professional degree education focuses on cultivating students' ability to engage in clinical practice, but the aim of medical postgraduate education program is to cultivate high-leveled clinical and research personnel. In the light of the problems that professional degree postgraduates majoring in obstetrics and gynecology are faced with such as unreasonable energy distribution in scientific research, the weak foundation of scientific research, the emergence of new trend of obstetrical and gynecological dis-eases, we have explored how to improve obstetrics and gynecology professional students' scientific research ability from several aspects such as the guidance of mentors, transferring learning and thinking and strength-ening the communication between various disciplines, to adapt to the requirements of the scientific develop-ment of modern obstetrics and gynecology.

Objective To assess whether it have difference between mannitol combined with glycerin fructose and only use mannitol for the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage ,which provides relevant evidence‐based basis for guiding clinical treatment of cerebral hemorrhage .Methods We used literature retrieval through to the China national knowledge internet (CNKI) ,China biolo‐gy medicine disc ,VIP Chinese periodical database ,Wanfang data knowledge service platform and manual retrieval ,and formulate the inclusion and exclusion to screening literature ;and using the Jadad quality evaluation method to evaluate literature which had been included ,heterogeneity inspection at the same time .If the effect of multiple resulted ,we used fixed effect model ;on the other hand , used a random effects model .Results Mannitol combined glycerol fructose significantly improved symptoms and nervous function in patients with cerebral hemorrhage ,and the difference was statistically significant (RR=1 .12 ,95% CI:1 .03 -1 .22 ,P<0 .01);mannitol combined glycerol fructose significantly decreasd impaired renal function and complications (RR=0 .34 ,95% CI:0 .25-0 . 47 ,P<0 .01);mannitol combined glycerol fructose significantly decreasd severe unbalance of electrolyte after taking the medicine (RR=0 .31 ,95% CI:0 .19-0 .49 ,P<0 .01) .Conclusion Compared to use mannitol only ,combination with mannitol and glycerin fructose could effectively improve the prognosis of patients with cerebral hemorrhage ,and reduce the side effects .