Study on drug resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis in 166 new pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Hai Phong tuberculosis and lung disease Hospital in 2000. The general drug resistance rate was 30.1%. The resistance rate to SM was 21.1%, to INH was 21.7%, RMP was 3.6%, and EMB was 1.2%. Resistance to one drug was 14.4% and to two drugs were 13.9%, to three drugs were 1.8% and to multidrugs were 2.4%. The highest rate of drug resistance was in the group at the age from 35 - 44 (40%), the rate of drug resistance was higher in urban area than that in rural area (38.1% and 25.2% respectively)
Drug Resistance ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; Lung Diseases

A study on 3631 children with ages of 1-14 without the family transmission resource and 683 children with the family transmission resource in Hai Phong during 1992-1995 was carried out. Methods: direct interview of parents; direct examinations of the transmission resources, history of the respiratory diseases, measles, BCG scar, current body weight, the clinical examinations, X-ray, tuberculine reaction; and the basic tests. The results haves shown that the morbidity rate of tuberculosis in children with ages of 1-14 and exposured the transmission resource and without the transmission resource were 16.3% and 12%, respectively. The morbidity rate of tuberculosis in children exposured with the transmission resource without BCG scar. The morbidity rate of tuberculosis in children exposured with the transmission recource and malnutrion in grade II- III was 36.4%, higher 4.6 times than this in children without malnutrition and children without the transmission resources.
Tuberculosis ; transmission ; Malnutrition ; child ; Mycobacterium bovis ; BCG Vaccine

Ultrasonic computed tomography based on back scattering theory is the most powerful and accurate tool in ultrasound based imaging approaches because it is capable of providing quantitative information about the imaged target and detects very small targets. The duple-frequency distorted Born iterative method (DF–DBIM), which uses density information along with sound contrast for imaging, is a promising approach for imaging targets at the level of biological tissues. With two frequencies f₁ (low) and f₂ (high) through Nf₁ and Nf₂ iterations respectively, this method is used to estimate target density along with sound contrast. The implications of duple-frequency fusion for the image reconstruction quality of density information along with sound contrast based ultrasound tomography have been analyzed in this paper. In this paper, we concentrate on the selection of parameters that is supposed to be the best to improve the reconstruction quality of ultrasound tomography. When there are restraints imposed on simulated scenarios to have control of the computational cost, the iteration number Nf₁ is determined resulting in giving the best performance. The DF–DBIM is only effective if there are a moderate number of iterations, transmitters and receivers. In case that the number of transducers is either too large or too small, a result of reconstruction which is better than that of the single frequency approach is not produced by the implementation of DF–DBIM. A fixed sum N(iter) of Nf₁ and Nf₂ was given, the investigation of simulation results shows that the best value of Nf₁ is [N(iter)/2 − 1]. The error, when applying this way of choosing the parameters, will be normalized with the reduction of 56.11%, compared to use single frequency as used in the conventional DBIM method. The target density along with sound contrast is used to image targets in this paper. It is a fact that low-frequency offers fine convergence, and high-frequency offers fine spatial resolution. Wherefore, this technique can effectively expand DBIM's applicability to the problem of biological tissue reconstruction. Thanks to the usage of empirical data, this work will be further developed prior to its application in reality.
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Methods ; Transducers ; Ultrasonics ; Ultrasonography

Background: Gastrointestinal cancers, including liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and stomach cancer, are the most common cancers in the world as well as in Vietnam, posing a leading threat to human health. The cost of treating these cancers is a major problem that burdens not only patients but also healthcare systems. The study aims to analyze treatment costs for the four most common types of gastrointestinal cancer nowadays. Materials and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data from 300 medical records of inpatients with gastrointestinal cancers at the hospital of Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy in 2021. Results: The average direct medical cost per inpatient admission was 14,239,915 VND (95% CI: 12,502,135 - 15,977,695 VND) in 2021. The cost per inpatient admission for liver cancer treatment was the highest, by 20,267,780 VND (95% CI: 16,036,541- 24,499,018 VND). The cost of drugs accounted for the highest proportion (38.1%), followed by the cost of medical supplies (14.7%). There is a statistically significant difference between the median cost of groups classified by age, metastasis, comorbidity, and length of hospital stay. Conclusion: Direct medical costs for patients with four common types of gastrointestinal cancers impose a considerable economic burden on patients and the health system. Further cost analysis studies need to be conducted. Strategies to decrease the economic burden of gastrointestinal, such as screening programs, and improving awareness of the prevention of cancer should be developed in Vietnam.