Objective To quantitatively assess cardiac intervals with tissue Doppler imaging(TDI) and normal reference values. Methods Apical 4 chamber, 2 chamber and long axis views of two-dimensional TDI were acquired in 29 healthy individuals(using GE Vivid 7 commercially ultrasound machine). The basal and middle segments in left ventricle(anterior septal, anterior, lateral, posterior, inferior and septal wall) and in the free wall of right ventricle were analyzed with tissue velocity imaging(TVI) model.Cardiac intervals of each segment, which included the isovolumic contraction time, contraction to peak time, insovolumetric relaxation time, rapid filling time and artrial contraction time were measured using TVI in the left ventricle and free wall of the right ventricle. Results The successful rate of sample was 100% in basal segment of each wall. There were significant differences between the left and right ventricle in the isovolumetric contraction time, the systolic accelaration time, contraction to peak time, isovolumetric relaxation time, early diastolic time, diastasis and artrial contraction( P

In this paper, the concepts of surrogate outcomes and intermediary outcomes, their correlation with the primary outcome, how to select surrogate outcomes and intermediary outcomes and the particular requirements for using surrogate outcomes in assessing TCM clinical efficacy were discussed and described. It is difficult to evaluate clinical efficacy objectively and thoroughly by means of a single surrogate outcome for reason of the global characteristics of TCM, therefore, to rationally select such intermediary outcomes as important clinical symptoms, combination of several syndromes, patients' subject feeling, patients' satisfaction for treatment and quality of life, should be beneficial for objectively evaluating the efficacy of TCM intervention approaches.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Health Status Indicators ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; methods ; Phytotherapy ; Treatment Outcome

It has been showed that there were obvious obstacle effects of Panax notoginseng replanting. Crop rotation was the main effective technique to overcome the obstacle. To find a reasonable crop rotation system for P. notoginseng, aqueous extracts from root, stem and leaf of P. notoginseng were analyzed for allelopathic effect on three maize varieties (which are often grown in regions where P. notoginseng grown). The main results were as follows: (1) Allelopathic effect of P. notoginseng stem and leaf extracts on the three other tested plants was stronger than that of root extracts; (2) Corn was more vulnerable to the effects of allelochemicals at seedling stage than at germination stage, and the corn root was more sensitive than aerial part to allelochemicals; (3) Lusan No. 3 and Yunrui No. 1 showed resistance to P. notoginseng allelopathy, with respective comprehensive sensitivity indexes (M3) of - 0.089 3 and -0.159 2, while Bainuo No. 1 is sensitive at M3 = -0.261 0. It then can be concluded that Lusan No. 3 and Yunrui No. 1 may be an alternative rotation plants for overcoming P. notoginseng continuous cropping obstacle.
Allelopathy ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Pheromones ; pharmacology ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Zea mays ; drug effects ; growth & development

Objective To report the microsurgical outeome of the meningiomas located in the eranio- cervical junction.Methods Seven eases of meningiomas arising from the craniocervical junction operated with microsurgical technique by use of the posterior approaehes including the suboccipital approach,the lower lateral suhoecipital approach and for lateral approach.Reviewed the related ariieales and were analysed relative to their approach selection and outcomes were analysed.Results The tumors ranged in size from 0.8 to 4.8 cm and the tumors location with 2 cases posterior,3 cases anterior and 2 cases lateral to the brain stem.3 in 7 cases were operated by use of the suboccipital approach,2 in 7 cases with the lower lateral suboccipital ap- proach and 2 in 7 cases with farlateral approach.Total excisions were got in 6 of 7 cases,4 in 6 cases with Simpson gradeⅠand 2 in 6 cases withⅡ.The subtotal excision was got in 1 of 7 cass.Follow-up with 6 ca- ses between 6 to 36 months,the occupied symptoms in 6 cases improved good.No remnant tumor and recur- rent were found in the MRI follow-up.Conclusion By using of the proper posterior approaches,the micro- surgical outonmes of the meningiomas arising from craniocervical junction are good.

In this study,we aimed to study the pattern visual evoked potentials (P-VEPs) in two eyes with varying visual acuity in one eye and to provide an objective estimation of visual acuity by comparing P-VEPs in one and two eyes.Thirty subjects were chosen,who had one eye with an acuity of 5.0,4.85,4.6,4.0,or scieropia and obstructed vision and the other eye with an acuity of 5.0,respectively.P-VEPs were detected under the large grating stimuli at 3×4 spatial frequency,moderate grating stimuli (12× 16 spatial frequency) and small grating stimuli (48×64 spatial frequency).Under large grating stimuli,there was no significant difference in P100 peak latency between the groups,nor was there a significant difference between the amplitude of two eyes and the amplitude of one normal-vision eye.Under moderate and small grating stimuli,there was a significant difference in P100 peak latency between the group with both eyes having an acuity of 5.0 and the group with visual acuity below 4.0 in one eye.There was a significant difference in P100 amplitude between the group with visual acuity of 5.0 in both eyes and the group with one normal-vision eye.There was no significant difference in the amplitude of two eyes and the amplitude of one normal-vision eye between any other two groups.In forensic identification,characteristics and variability of P-VEPs in one and two eyes can be used to identify malingering or decline in visual acuity.

Drug resistant bacteria is an increasingly urgent challenge to public health. Bacteria adaptation and extensive abuse of antibiotics contribute to this dilemma. Active efflux of antibiotics is employed by the bacteria to survive the antibiotic pressure. Efflux pump is one of the hot spots of current drug related studies and ideal targets for the improvement of treatment. The efflux pumps and related mechanisms of action, regulation of expression and methodologies were summarized. Comparative genomics analyses were employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and evolution of efflux pump as exemplified by the Mycobacterium in our lab, which is a crucial re-emerging threat to global public health. The pathway and state-of-art drug development of efflux pump related drugs are included too.
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; antagonists & inhibitors ; drug effects ; physiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Bacteria ; metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; drug effects ; genetics ; Ion Pumps ; antagonists & inhibitors ; drug effects ; physiology ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; drug effects ; physiology ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins ; drug effects ; physiology ; Mycobacterium ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDIn clinical studies there is still a lot of controversy about the increased anterior and rotational stability between double-bundle (DB) and single-bundle (SB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of four-tunnel DB ACL reconstruction.

METHODSSixty-four consecutive patients with ACL ruptures from May 2005 to May 2006 were randomly assigned into two groups: 32 cases for SB ACL reconstruction and 32 cases for DB ACL reconstruction. Clinical data, including KT 2000, Biodex test, Lysholm score, Tegner score and IKDC score, were prospectively collected until at least 10 months post-operative.

RESULTSThe average values of KT 2000 were (1.47 +/- 1.17) mm and (1.68 +/- 1.14) mm for the SB and DB ACL reconstruction groups at 30 degrees of knee flexion (P > 0.05), and were (1.04 +/- 0.98) mm and (1.13 +/- 0.98) mm at 90 degrees of knee flexion (P > 0.05). There were also no significant differences in Lysholm score, Tegner score, IKDC score and Biodex test scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). The operation time of DB ACL reconstruction was 20 minutes longer than the SB ACL reconstruction (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONDouble bundle ACL reconstructions have no obvious clinical advantages over single bundle ACL reconstructions.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; surgery ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Orthopedic Procedures ; methods ; Prospective Studies ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Tendons ; transplantation ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

The analysis of the effective value obtained in clinical trails should take account of both sides of its size and precision, for its interpretation, the general principles of: accuracy, explicitness and quantification should be complied. Criteria such as relative risk (RR), relative risk reducing rate (RRR), absolute risk reducing rate (ARR) and number needed to treat (NNT) an important clinical event, etc. are commonly used in the primary outcomes interpretation, while the methods to express the effective size and precision of surrogate outcomes and intermediary outcomes are needed to be further studied. Many problems for give expression to the outcome of TCM clinical trail still remain to be solved.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; standards ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; methods ; Phytotherapy ; Risk Assessment

BACKGROUND: Genetic factors account for the majority of differences in skin color and hair morphology across human populations. Although many studies have been conducted to examine differences in skin color across populations, few studies have examined differences in hair morphology. OBJECTIVE: To investigate changing of integral hair lipids after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in three human ethnic groups. METHODS: We studied the UV irradiation induced hair damage in hairs of three human populations. UV irradiation had been performed with self-manufactured phototherapy system. Damaged hair samples were prepared at 12 and 48 hours after UVA (20 J/sec) and UVB (8 J/sec) irradiation. We evaluated the changes of hair lipid using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), lipid TEM and HP-TLC. After UV irradiation, hair surface damage was shown. RESULTS: African hair showed more severe damage on hair surface than others. The lipid compositions across human populations were similar, but Asian hair had more integral hair lipids than other groups as a whole. Especially, free fatty acid contents were higher than other lipids. After UV irradiation, lipid contents were decreased. These patterns were shown in all human populations. Asian hair has more integral hair lipid than European or African hair. After UV irradiation, European and African hair samples exhibited more damage because they have less integral hair lipids. However, Asian hair samples have less damage. CONCLUSION: We conclude that integral hair lipid may protect the hair against the UV light.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Ethnic Groups ; Hair ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Phototherapy ; Skin ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Viola

The fluoroquinolones are the most widely used broad-spectrum antibiotics, accounting for 18% of global antibacterial market share. They can kill bacteria rapidly with variety of derivatives available. Different quinolones vary significantly in rate and spectrum of killing, oxygen requirement for metabolism and reliance upon protein synthesis. Further understanding the sophisticated mechanisms of action of this important antibiotic family based on the molecular genetic response of bacteria can facilitate the discovery of better quinolone derivatives. Factors such as SOS response, bacterial toxin-antitoxin system, programmed death, chromosome fragmentation and reactive oxygen have been implicated in the action to some extent. "Two steps characteristic" of quinolones killing is also emphasized, which might inspire future better quinolones modification.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Bacteria ; drug effects ; enzymology ; genetics ; Chromosomes, Bacterial ; drug effects ; DNA Cleavage ; drug effects ; DNA Gyrase ; drug effects ; DNA Replication ; drug effects ; DNA Topoisomerases ; drug effects ; Fluoroquinolones ; pharmacology ; Quinolones ; pharmacology ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; SOS Response (Genetics) ; drug effects