Cost of Illness ; Humans ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

No abstract available.
Humans ; Korea ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Stroke

To analyze the global burden of periodontal disease and its relation with socioeconomic development. Data of global disability-adjusted life year (DALY) due to periodontal disease and human development index (HDI) from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) and human development reports. The trend of the global burden of periodontal disease from 1990 to 2019 was described. The correlation between age-standardized DALY rates and HDI were examined in 2019, and between-country periodontal disease burden inequality from 1990 to 2019 was measured using health-related Gini coefficients and concentration indexes. From 1990 to 2019, the global DALY rate due to periodontal disease increased from 78.63 to 85.48, and the epidemiological burden did not increase significantly. Statistical differences were found across different HDI categories for age-standardized DALY rates of periodontal disease ( 44.315, <0.01) in 2019. Linear regression analysis also revealed a negative correlation between age-standardized DALY rate of periodontal disease and HDI ( = -0.417, <0.01) . Gini coefficients decreased from 0.361 to 0.281 and concentration indexes fell from 0.0339 to -0.0538 between 1990 and 2019. The global burden of periodontal disease did not increase between 1990 and 2019, though the socioeconomic-associated inequality still existed. The burden of periodontal disease was more concentrated in less developed countries, and the socioeconomic-associated inequality has increased since 2000.
Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; Global Health ; Humans ; Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology* ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Socioeconomic Factors

Summary measures of population health (SMPHs) have been used to estimate the burden of diseases. Among various type of SMPHs, disability adjusted life year (DALY) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) have been calculated in the global and national burden of disease studies. In order to calculate DALY and HALE, disability weight is an essential element. Disability weights quantify the level of disability for health states or diseases and have values between 0 (full health) to 1 (being dead). In this study, we reviewed the main disability weights studies and determined their meaning and limitations. Furthermore, we provided the whole process of typical disability weight study and reviewed key issues as follows: health state or disease description development, panel composition, valuation method, validation of disability weight, cross-cultural variability in health state or disease, and so on. The results from this study will be helpful to conduct future disability weight studies for adapting disability weights and developing new methodologies.
Life Expectancy ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Weights and Measures

Global Burden of Disease ; Risk Factors ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

BACKGROUND: The EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) is the most frequently used questionnaire in cost-utility studies such as the quality-adjusted life year measure. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to the relationship between an individual's visual analogue scale (VAS) score and EQ-5D dimensions. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the EQ-5D and VAS quality of life measures after adjusting for socio-demographic factors in the Korean general population. METHODS: The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which is a national representative sample, was used to analyze the impact of the EQ-5D dimensions on the VAS. The known-group construct validity of the VAS was assessed by factors that included age, income and comorbidities. The ordinary linear regression models were applied to test for the effect of the EQ-5D dimensions after adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical factors. RESULTS: We found that the VAS showed good construct validity. The VAS significantly declined as age increased, and as education and income levels decreased. VAS scores decreased for all EQ-5D dimensions as the response level rose. The explanatory power of the VAS increased from 23.0% in the first model, which included only the EQ-5D dimensions and levels, to 25.0% in the full model, which included socio-demographic and clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS: While the EQ-5D dimensions were significant factors in determining the VAS, they did not, however, explain a sufficient amount of variance in the VAS. Further research is required on adding more dimensions to the EQ-5D preference-based instrument.
Comorbidity ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Nutrition Surveys ; Quality of Life ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

To examine differences in burden of disease among people aged ≥70 years old in countries with different developmental levels from 1990 to 2016. 
 Methods: The sociodemographic index (SDI) of global burden of disease (GBD) was used to divide 195 countries into five developmental levels: high, high middle, middle, low middle and low. The results of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2016 (GBD 2016) were extracted to examine disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and the health loss from the top 10 diseases and risk factors among the people aged ≥70 years old in countries with different SDIs. 
 Results: Between 1990 and 2016, the age-standardized DALY rate among people aged ≥70 years old in countries with different SDIs all showed a downward trend. Different decreases in DALY rate in over-seventy old people were observed across countries with different SDI levels: -23.9% in high SDI, -21.3% in high-middle SDI, -23.4% in middle SDI, -18.8% in low-middle SDI and -16.3% in low SDI. In 1990, the age-standardized DALY rate among people aged ≥70 years old in low and low middle SDI countries was 1.67 and 1.49 times of that in high SDI countries; and the gaps rose to 1.83 and 1.59 times in 2016. The DALY rate of the aged people remained remarkably higher in low middle and low SDI countries in 2016, and the gap widened compared with that in 1990. The reduction of age-standardized DALY rate was mainly due to the decrease of years of life lost (YLL). In 2016, low SDI and low-middle SDI countries suffered much higher burden of disease from infectious diseases and chronic non-communicable diseases. Analysis of leading causes and risk factors of DALY showed significant disparities across different SDI countries; burden of disease caused by environmental pollution and adverse health conditions was much higher in the low SDI and lower-middle SDI countries than that in the other countries.
 Conclusion: During 1990-2016, the burden of disease in countries of all 5 SDI levels declined. But the reductions in the developing countries were less than those in the developed countries, widening health disparities for the elderly between low and high SDI countries. International organizations and individual governments should take measures to narrow health gaps among old adults across countries with different developmental levels.
Aged ; Cost of Illness ; Disabled Persons ; Global Health ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

Objective: From a screening-focused perspective, to analyze the 30-year changes in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by colorectal cancer (CRC) in China and in some other selected populations, to inform extent of burden of CRC and future related prevention and control in populations in China. Methods: Based on the data of Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019), the DALYs, world standardized DALY rate, and the composition of different subgroups in China were collected. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend during 1990-2019, and comparison was made with the international data and population screening situation. The trend of DALY burden caused by CRC in China was predicted. Results: In 2019, the DALYs due to CRC in China was 6.395 million person-years, accounting for 26.3% of the global burden and 9.5% of all cancers burden in China; the DALYs in men accounted for 65.2%, in those aged ≥65 years old accounted for 44.8%, in the age group recommended by local screening guidelines (40-75 years) accounted for 73.7%. The years lived with disability accounted for 4.8%. Compared with 1990, the CRC-caused DALYs in China increased by 181.5% in 2019. Factors with the largest increase in the attributable percentage were high Body Mass Index (151.1%), diet high in red meat (86.4%) and diet high in processed meat (78.8%), etc. For DALY rate, it was 245.6/100 000 in 1990 and 320.6/100 000 in 2019, an increase of 30.5%. For reference, Australia (began in 2006), the UK (2006), and Japan (1992), where CRC population-wide screening has been conducted, had decreases in DALY rate of 36.0%, 28.6%, and 17.8%, respectively. The predication of DALYs suggested that without continued expansion of population-based screening, the DALYs in China would reach 7.7 million person-year-9.1 million person-year by 2030, an increase of 19.9%-41.8% compared with 2019. Conclusions: The burden of CRC-caused DALYs in China increased over the past 30 years, and would become more serious because of population aging and the concomitant disability problem. The age range recommended by the current local screening guideline could theoretically include 70% of the population from which the DALYs burden originates, however, the real-world population screening coverage is still limited. The observed decline in CRC-related DALY rate in selected countries was substantially due to the implementation of mass screening, indicating the importance of speedily expanding the population coverage of CRC screening in China.
Aged ; China/epidemiology* ; Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Cost of Illness ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

China ; epidemiology ; Cost of Illness ; Diabetes Mellitus ; economics ; mortality ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Quality of Life ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

Disability weight for each disease plays a key role in combining years lived with disability and years of life lost in disability adjusted life year. For the Korean Burden of Disease 2012 study, we have conducted a re-estimation of disability weights for causes of disease by adapting the methodology of a recent Global Burden of Disease study. Our study was conducted through a self-administered web-based survey using a paired comparison (PC) as the main valuation method. A total of 496 physicians and medical college students who were attending in third or fourth grade of a regular course conducted the survey. We applied a probit regression on the PC data and computed the predicted probabilities of each cause of disease from the coefficient estimates of the probit regression. We used 'being dead (1)' and 'full health (0)' as anchor points to rescale the predicted probability of each cause of disease on a scale of 0 to 1. By this method, disability weights for a total of 228 causes of disease were estimated. There was a fairly high correlation between the disability weights of overlapping causes of disease from this study and a previous South Korean study despite the differences in valuation methods and time periods. In conclusion, we have shown that disability weights can be estimated based on a PC by including 'full health' and 'being dead' as anchor points without resorting to a person trade-off. Through developments in the methodology of disability weights estimation from this study, disability weights can be easily estimated and continuously revised.
Health Resorts ; Humans ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Methods ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Republic of Korea ; Weights and Measures*