No abstract available.
Glomus Tumor* ; Quadriceps Muscle*

PURPOSE: The authors performed correlation analysis among the values of KT 2000 arthrometer, Cybex isokinetic test, and Lysholm knee score to reveal the clinical significance and their role in functional evaluation of ACL insufficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one patients with isolated ACL insufficiency were evaluated with KT 2000 arthrometer (15, 20, 30 lb, max.manual), Cybex isokinetic test (60 & 180 degrees/sec), and Lysholm knee score. Correlation analysis was performed between the values of the tests. RESULTS: The Lysholm knee scores had significant linear correlation with the values of KT 2000 of maximal manual difference (r=0.587, P<0.05). The Lysholm knee score had significant linear correlation with all the values of Cybex test of hamstring & quadriceps muscle weakness (r=0.585, 0.635, 0.656, 0.720, p<0.05). The degree of muscle weakness and maximum manual difference in KT 2000 did not show any linear correlation. The time lap between injury and evaluation did not show any correlation with any of the above parameters. CONCLUSION: Lysholm knee score appears to be mostly influenced by the degree of muscle weakness than anterior displacement. The values of KT 2000 of maximal manual difference revealed to be best correlated with Lysholm knee score. The time interval after injury cannot be clinically correlated with muscle weakness or Lysholm knee score.
Humans ; Knee* ; Muscle Weakness ; Quadriceps Muscle

Tensor of vastus intermedius is a newly discovered muscle located between vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius. The purpose of this study was to investigate the detailed morphology of tensor of vastus intermedius, specifically to provide data pertaining to the attachments, innervations, variation in the types and its morphometry in South Indian population. The tensor of vastus intermedius was studied in thirty six cadaveric lower limbs using macrodissection techniques. The origin of the muscle was from upper part of intertrochanteric line and anterior part of greater trochanter of femur inserted to medial aspect of upper border of patella. The muscle was classified into four types based on the origin and also the aponeurosis course with independent type (type 1) being common. The mean and standard deviation of the length of tensor of vastus intermedius and aponeurosis were 145.40±37.55 mm and 193.55±42.32 mm, respectively. The results of the study suggest that tensor of vastus intermedius is variable and the information provided regarding the attachments, types and quantitative data will contribute to the existing knowledge of the muscle.
Cadaver ; Femur ; Lower Extremity ; Patella ; Quadriceps Muscle*

Baker's cysts are one of the most common cystic lesions around the knee joint and mainly caused by fluid distension of the gastrocnemius-semimembranous bursa that is situated along the medial side of the popliteal fossa. Typically, a Baker's cyst extends along the intermuscular planes around the knee joint and may enlarge any direction. However, it is mostly located in the inferomedial or superficial layers of the knee joint and less commonly extends laterally or proximally. Expansion of the cyst tends to respect the intermuscular planes, and Baker's cysts along the intramuscular route have been rarely reported. Thus, we report a case of Baker's cyst with intramuscular extension into the vastus medialis muscle.
Knee Joint ; Muscles ; Popliteal Cyst ; Quadriceps Muscle

The aim of this study is to evaluate the contractile properties of thigh muscles in bodybuilders through tensiomyography (TMG). Our hypothesis is that maximal displacement (Dm) in bodybuilders would be lower than in controls because Dm is increased when the muscle is stiffed or hypertrophied. Nine bodybuilder athletes and 15 university students were assessed by TMG. The biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), vastus lateralis, vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) were evaluated. The TMG parameters obtained for each muscle were Dm, contraction time (Tc). And we calculated contraction velocity (Vc) as the rate of the radial displacement occurring during the time period of Tc with respect to Tc. Dm values of all muscles in bodybuilders were significantly higher compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in Tc values of most muscles except right BF and ST muscles. Vc values of VM, RF, and ST muscles were lower in bodybuilders than in the control group. This is the first report about TMG assessment of muscle hypertrophy. We found that Dm was most effective in detecting muscle hypertrophy and muscle stiffness secondary to muscle hypertrophy could induce decrease in Dm and Vc.
Athletes ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Muscles ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Thigh

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop objective evaluation method of spasticity which reflects the characteristics of lengthening velocity-dependent stretch reflex of spasticity. METHOD: Kinematic analysis for knee angle and rectus femoris muscle lengthening parameters, and dynamic EMG were performed simultaneously during pendular movement of spastic lower leg for thirty two patients with spasticity and ten normal control subjects. Angular parameters consist of angular relaxation index (ARI), maximal angular velocity (MAV), angular threshold (AT) and angular velocity threshold (AVT). And lengthening parameters consist of lengthening relaxation index (LRI), maximal lengthening velocity (MLV), lengthening threshold (LT) and lengthening velocity threshold (LVT). RESULTS: 1) ARI, MAV, AT, and AVT according to Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) were 1.32+/-0.11, 303.84+/-45.11 deg/sec, 44.19+/-13.81 deg, 262.15+/-33.54 deg/sec in MAS I, 1.16+/-0.16, 279.92+/-42.94 deg/sec, 30.33+/-6.02 deg, 247.65+/-35.92 deg/sec in MAS II, and 0.95+/-0.14, 241.31+/-19.98 deg/sec, 20.55+/-2.68 deg, 209.11+/-48.11 deg/sec in MAS III (P<0.05). 2) LRI, MLV, LT, and LVT according to MAS were 1.27+/-0.11, 0.58+/-0.07, 1.164+/-0.14, 0.53+/-0.05 in MAS I, 1.12+/-0.09, 0.53+/-0.05, 1.150+/-0.08, 0.42+/-0.04 in MAS II, and 0.99+/-0.10, 0.44+/-0.01, 1.137+/-0.15, 0.36+/-0.02 in MAS III (P<0.05). 3) There were significant correlation between various pendulum test parameters and MAS. CONCLUSION: Muscle lengthening parameters as well as knee angular parameters were sensitive parameters reflecting the degree of spasticity. LVT is the most sensitive parameter among all parameters (p<0.01).
Humans ; Knee ; Leg ; Muscle Spasticity* ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Reflex, Stretch ; Relaxation

OBJECTIVEThe objective of this anatomic study was to investigate the intramuscular neurovascular configuration and to evaluate whether the muscle could be split into two functional units in transplantation.

METHODSTen fresh cadavers and ten preserved cadavers were used in the study. A mixture of lead oxide, gelatin and water was injected to the femoral artery of the fresh cadaver. The rectus femoris muscle with its neurovascular pedicles was dissected and radiographed.

RESULTSThree vascular patterns of the rectus femoris muscle were found in the 40 cadaver legs. The muscle received its blood supply through a single vascular pedicle (12.5%), or a dominant pedicle with 1-2 ramified (80%), or two dominant vascular pedicles (7.5%).

CONCLUSIONSThe study provided a detailed description on the intramuscular neurovascular territories of the rectus femoris muscle. Based on the neurovascular supply of the muscle, it is possible to subdivide the muscle into two functional units for segmental muscle transfer.

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of knee extension exercise using blood flow restriction on the changes in the thickness and static balance ability of the tendon of the rectus femoris muscle and achilles tendon. METHODS: A total of 30 subjects was were divided into two groups of 15 subjects each. The changes in the thickness and balance of their tendons were measured by ultrasonography and balance equipment. The measurements were taken three times: before the experiment, 4 weeks after, and 8 weeks after. The results were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA, one-way ANOVA was conducted in cases where there were time-to-group interactions in the intra-individual effects test. RESULTS: Significant differences in the thickness of the tendon of the rectus femoris muscle and Achilles tendon were found between the groups, over time, and in the time-to-group interactions (p < 0.05). The changes in balance in both feet when the supporting positions between eye-open and eye-closed states were significantly different in the time-to-group interactions (p < 0.05), but were not different between the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Knee extension exercise using blood flow restriction leads to significant differences in the increase in tendon thickness and changes in balance, indicating that the results of this study can be utilized as basic data for future studies and for rehabilitation treatment at clinics.
Achilles Tendon ; Foot ; Knee* ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Rehabilitation ; Tendons* ; Ultrasonography

Reduction of the knee is impossible if the medial femoral condyle is caught in the medial soft tissue while posterolateral dislocation of the knee happens. Irreducible posterolateral dislocation with buttonholing of the medial femoral condyle through the torn vastus medialis muscle has rarely been reported. Furthermore, such a case associated with patella lateral dislocation has very seldom been reported. We report here on 2 such cases that were treated with open reduction.
Dislocations ; Knee ; Knee Joint ; Muscles ; Patella ; Quadriceps Muscle

The direct lateral approach was first described and named the transgluteal approach by Bauer in 1979 and was popularized by Hardinge K in 1982. In total hip arthroplasty, the direct lateral approach offers distinct advantages for the orientation of implants, access to both the acetabulum and proximal femur, and the preservation of soft tissue continuity between the gluteus medius and vastus lateralis muscle group. It can also be quite versatile, even in cases requiring extensive exposure, such as revision arthroplasty. The disadvantages include a risk of superior gluteal nerve injury, disruption of the repaired abductor mechanism, and postoperative heterotopic ossification. This review describes the surgical exposure of the direct lateral approach as well as the advantages and potential complications of the direct lateral approach.
Acetabulum ; Arthroplasty ; Femur ; Hip ; Muscles ; Orientation ; Ossification, Heterotopic ; Quadriceps Muscle