OBJECTIVE To carry out a meta analysis on the results of all conducted studies to present valid information about the impact of air pollution exposure on the risk of allergic rhinitis in children. METHODS PubMed, Science, Google Scholar and MDPI database were searched up to January 1, 2012 to July 1, 2017, including the observational studies about air pollution and children with allergic rhinitis. Combie cross-sectional study evaluation tool and NOS scale were used to evaluate the quality of literature. The odds ratio of representative air pollutants(NO2, SO2, PM10) exposed to the risk of allergic rhinitis in children and it 95％ confidence interval as effects, and based on the heterogeneity analysis and publication bias test of Review Manager 5.3 software. The effects were analyzed by fixed or random effects model. RESULTS Finally, 6 studies were included in the meta analysis (4 cross-sectional studies, 2 cohort studies). The results showed that exposure to nitrogen dioxide increased the risk of allergic rhinitis(OR=1.22, 95％CI[1.04, 1.42], P=0.01), exposing tosulfur dioxideincreased the risk of allergic rhinitis(OR=1.06, 95％CI[0.96, 1.18], P=0.23), and PM10 increased the risk of allergic rhinitis(OR=1.13, 95％CI[1.04, 1.23], P=0, 004). CONCLUSION Air pollution is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis in children, and the risk of allergic rhinitis will be increase when exposed to NO2 and PM10.

Objective To investigate the etiological characteristics of infection after percutaneous biliary drainage or stent implantation in patients with malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). Methods Clinical data were collected from MBO patients who underwent interventional therapy in Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, from January 2016 to December 2020 and had or were suspected of biliary tract infection, with samples submitted for bile culture and/or simultaneous blood culture. Analysis was performed for the aspects of positive rate of culture, flora distribution, consistency between blood culture and bile culture, and drug resistance rate of major pathogenic bacteria. Results A total of 219 patients were enrolled, among whom 105(47.95%) were positive for bile culture, and the composition ratios of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi were 64.89%, 28.24%, and 6.87%, respectively. A total of 69 patients had samples submitted for blood culture during the same period of time, among whom 33(47.82%) had positive results. Positive results of both bile culture and blood culture were observed in 25 patients, and consistency analysis showed that the patients with complete consistency, partial consistency, and complete inconsistency accounted for 36%(9/25), 20%(5/25), and 44%(11/25), respectively. Common Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Enterobacter cloacae , with a relatively low level of drug resistance to antibiotics including cefoperazone/sulbactam, amikacin, and imipenem. Common Gram-positive bacteria were Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis , with a relatively low level(< 15%) of drug resistance to antibiotics including vancomycin, linezolid, and teicoplanin. Conclusion Common pathogens of infection after percutaneous biliary drainage or stent implantation in MBO patients include Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Enterococcus, and Enterobacter cloacae . There is a relatively low level of consistency between blood culture and bile culture, and thus samples should be submitted for both tests.