Objective: To investigate the effect of interleukin-8 (IL-8) on survival and apoptosis of hypoxic human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with its mechanisms.
Methods: Hypoxic HUVECs were induced by CoCl2. HUVECs were cultured with different concentrations of CoCl2 or IL-8 and the survival rates of HUVECs were examined. Normal or hypoxic HUVECs were incubated with IL-8 or simultaneously incubated with anti-IL-8 or Akt inhibitor LY294002 for 48h. The HUVECs survival rate was detected by MTT method, apoptosis rate was measured by Annexin V-FITC/PI method, the protein expressions of Caspase-3, phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) and GSK-3βser9 (pGSK-3βser9) were evaluated by Western blot analysis.
Results: By 12 h incubation with low concentration of CoCl2 (50, 100 μmol/L), HUVECs proliferation were improved, P<0.01; while by 24h and 48 h incubation with high concentration of CoCl2 (200, 400 μmol/L) HUVECs survival were decreased. By 48h and 72h incubation with IL-8 at (10, 50, 100 ng/ml), the hypoxia induced cell apoptosis was decreased and the survival was increased,P<0.01. IL-8 at 10 ng/ml may obviously inhibit the normal and hypoxic HUVECs apoptosis, down-regulate caspase-3 and up-regulate pAkt and pGSK-3βser9 expressions in HUVECs,P<0.01, while the above effects could be reversed by LY294002 and anti-IL-8,P<0.01.
Conclusion: IL-8 could down-regulate caspase-3 and up-regulate pAkt and pGSK-3βser9 expressions in HUVECs and therefore, inhibit the apoptosis and improve the survival of hypoxic HUVECs.

Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder. It is characterized by a distinctive 4-12 Hz action tremor typically affecting bilateral upper limbs. Existing drugs for ET mainly include β-blockers, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, etc. However, the efficacy of existing drugs is limited. With the development of the medical research, some progress has been made in the treatment of ET. The review will explore the recent advances in the treatment of ET,such as new drugs, surgical treatment, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, rehabilitation treatment, etc., in order to provide clinical application prospects.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by bradykinesia,resting tremor,muscle rigidity,and abnormal gait posture.Ocular motor function test plays an important part in neurological examinations.It has been widely accepted that specific ocular motor patterns contribute to diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndrome including progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy.However,recent studies have shown that patients of PD may also exhibit specific eye movement disorders,which will be helpful in the early diagnosis,evaluation and differential diagnosis of PD.In 2015,the Movement Disorder Society clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease suggested that sustained staring evoked nystagmus could be used as an exclusive criterion for PD.The clinical features,detection methods and clinical significance of oculomotor dysfunction in PD are reviewed in this article.

Objective To investigate the clinical features of constipation in patients with Parkinson 's disease (PD) and explore the relationship between constipation and motor symptoms.Methods The data of 221 PD patients were collected.Patients were evaluated with following scales:Rome Ⅲ criteria for diagnosis of functional constipation,unified Parkinson's disease rating scale part Ⅲ (UPDRS Ⅲ),and simple mental status examination scale (MMSE).Results Among 221 PD patients,132 (59.7％) had constipation,and 48 (36.4％) experienced constipation before motor symptoms.Compared to those without constipation,PD patients with constipation had a higher UPDRS Ⅲ scores,posture/gait scores,and axis scores (P ＜ O.05).The most common symptoms of PD patients with constipation were defecation straining (93.9％).Conclusions PD patients with constipation have severer motor symptoms than those without constipation.Defecation straining is the most common subtypes of PD patients with constipation.

Objective To investigate the change of body mass index (BMI) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and its association with disease severity.Methods SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis of one hundred and sixty-eight PD patients and one hundred and fifteen healthy controls.Results BMI value was obviously declined in PD (P =0.001).Decrease of BMI in PD was associated with increase of disease duration (r =-0.270,P =0.001),total score of Unified Parkinson~ Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) (r =-0.195,P =0.008),score of UPDRS part Ⅱ (r =-0.147,P =0.045),score of UPDRS part Ⅲ (r =-0.159,P =0.030),H-Y grading (r =-0.256,P =0.001),and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) (r =0.291,P =O.001).Conclusions BMI declines more obviously in PD patients than in healthy controls.PD Patients with longer disease duration and severe motor symptoms have a higher risk of BMI loss.

Objective To explore the correlated factors and clinical features of cognitive impariment in parkinson's disease (PD).Methods A total of 419 patients with PD were collected from Xiangya Hospital of Centre-South University during Mar 1st,2017 to Nov 30th,2017.The cognitive functions of patients were assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE),and the basic information and the motor symptoms of 419 PD patients were selected at the same time.The PD patients were classified into three groups according to the MMSE score:PD with no cognitive impairment (PD-NC),mild cognitive impairment in PD (PD-MCI),and Dementia in PD (PD-D).The data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0.Results There were 156 patients with PD-MCI (37.2％) and 64 patients with PD-D (15.3％).The difference of sex and disease duration among three groups were not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).The significant difference was found among PD-D,PD-MCI,and PD-NC groups in age of onset,age,educational attainment,Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-Ⅱ score,UPDRS-Ⅲ score and Hoehn-Yahr stage (P ＜ 0.05).There were significant differences among three groups in MMSE score and its items (P ＜ 0.01).Logistics regression analysis found that the age of onset,educational attainment,and Hoehn-Yahr stage were the risk factors of cognitive impairment in PD patients (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Cognitive impairment is common in PD patients,and it is relevant to the age of onset,educational attainment and the severity of illness of PD patients.

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders. Its clinical manifestations not only include typical kinetic and/or postural tremors, but also other non-motor symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction, sleep disturbance, and dysosmia. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of ET is still unknown. Approximately 60% of ET patients have a family history, and genetic factor plays an important role in the onset of the disease. Researchers have so far identified 3 genetic loci (ETM 1-3) through family studies, and proposed additional causative genes such as FUS, HTRA2, TENM4, NOS3 and susceptibility genes such as LINGO, SLC1A2, and GABA. This review focuses on the progress made in genetic research on ET.
Essential Tremor ; etiology ; genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Research ; High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 2 ; genetics ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; genetics ; RNA-Binding Protein FUS ; genetics

Essential tremor(ET)is one of the most common movement disorders, with a prevalence of 4.6% in people over 65 years old.Action tremor of both upper limbs at 4-12 Hz action tremor in both upper limbs is the main clinical feature of ET patients.ET was previously considered to be a benign isolated symptomatic disease, but in recent years, researches have found that ET is a family of diseases with high clinical and genetic heterogeneities.In addition to tremor, it can also be accompanied by soft neurological signs and various non-motor symptoms, leading to different degrees of function impairment in patients.Early comprehensive evaluation and long-term follow-up of patients with ET are essential.The standardized scale is the most important tool for ET assessment.This article reviews various tremor assessment scales.

Early diagnosis of pulmonary diseases is of great significance for their prevention and treatment. Serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) assay can reflect the damage degree of alveolar epithelium and stromal tissue, and is simple, non-invasive and low-cost. Pervious study showed that the serum KL-6 level was higher in patients with various interstitial lung diseases (e.g. idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and connective tissue disease, primary Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathy and systemic sclerosis combined with interstitial lung disease), non-small cell lung cancer, various pneumonias and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared to healthy controls. Therefore, serum KL-6 has good sensitivity and specificity for the early diagnosis of these diseases. Occupational pneumoconiosis is an interstitial lung disease with a well-established etiology. Pervious study has shown that serum KL-6 level was higher in patients with occupational silicosis, occupational asbestosis, and dust-exposed workers compared to healthy controls. However, due to the limited sample size and the inconsistent findings on different studies, further research is needed to study the role of serum KL-6 in the early diagnosis of pneumoconiosis. Future studies should increase the sample size, improve the detection methods for serum KL-6, explore its feasibility as an early diagnostic biomarker for occupational pulmonary diseases, and investigate the efficacy andvalue of its combined application with other biomarkers in the early diagnosis of various pulmonary diseases, including occupational lung diseases, to fully exploit its predictive role in pulmonary diseases.

Objective To synthesize bovine serum albumin(BSA)-loaded liraqlutide(Lir)-nanoparticles coated with platelet membrane fragments(PMF)using a"bottom-up"nano-engineering chemistry technique,and to evaluate their cyto-compatibility and potential function of anti-oxidative stress.Methods PMF was extracted as reported previously.Lir@BSA nanoparticles were prepared by self-assembly method.PMF was coated on the sur-face of Lir@BSA nanoparticles by co-extrusion to prepare Lir@BSA-PMF.The physical and chemical properties of Lir@BSA-PMF particles were characterized as particle size,Zeta potential,transmission electron microscopy and particle size stability.The encapsulation efficiency,loading efficiency and cumulative release efficiency of liraglu-tide were calculated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Further,SDS-PAGE was used to analyze whether there was a similar membrane protein distribution of platelet membrane on Lir@BSA-PMF bionicnanocarrier.CCK-8 assay was used to verify the biocompatibility of the materials.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)experi-ment was used to explore the effect of Lir@BSA-PMF on cell oxidative damage.The uptake of cells on Lir@BSA-PMF bionic nano capsules was verified by cell phagocytosis experiment.Results Lir@BSA-PMF nanop-articles had a stable particle size of 25 nm with a spherical morphology,and a Zeta potential value of-25.5 mV.The encapsulation efficiency,loading efficiency and cumulative release efficiency of liraglutide were 85.56％,7.96％and 77.06％,respectively.SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the Lir@BSA-PMF bio-mimetic nano capsules retained the similar membrane protein distribution as platelet membrane.CCK-8 assay verified that the nanomaterials were non-cytotoxic.ROS results showed that Lir@BSA-PMF nanomaterials had obvious antioxidant properties.The results of cell phagocytosis showed that the cells had a good phagocytosis effect on Lir@BSA-PMF nanoparticles.Conclusions The nanoparticles Lir@BSA-PMF are successfully syn-thesized and have no effects on cells viability in vitro.The particles are taken up by cells and show a significant function of antioxidant damage.