Abstract Vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency is prevalent worldwide, and the prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing globally. Many studies have supported that Vit D deficiency may be an important cause of childhood obesity, and the level of serum Vit D among obese children decreases,simultaneously. Both Vit D deficiency and obesity among children interact through direct factors, molecular mechanisms and environmental factors, but the mechanism of interaction has not been fully elucidated. In the future, higher level research in evidence based medicine could be conducted to explore the association between childhood obesity and Vit D deficiency and the possible mechanisms of their interaction, in order to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of Vit D deficiency and obesity among children.

Objective: To investigate the average dietary nutrients intake status among Chinese residents between 2010-2012, and to compare the difference between rural and urban areas. Methods: Data were collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance between 2010-2012. Based on regional features and economic development levels, China's county-level divisions were classified into four types: big city, medium and small city, ordinary rural area and poor rural area. A total of 62 857 valid subjects, including 14 017, 16 539, 19 910 and 12 391 respondents in each group separately, were enrolled by Multi-stage stratified proportion to the population cluster random sampling method. The dietary survey was conducted by recalling the 24 h diet in 3 consecutive days and weighting condiment. The daily dietary intake of energy, macronutrient, dietary fiber, vitamin, and mineral substance per resident were calculated based on China Food Composition. Results: The average energy intake per resident in Mainland China was 9 047.1 kJ, with highest (9 719.3 kJ) in poor rural area and lowest (8 490.4 kJ) in medium and small city. The average dietary protein intake was 64.2 g, with highest (73.9 g) in big city and lowest (60.7 g) in poor rural area. The average dietary fat intake was 79.7 g, with highest (89.4 g) in big city and lowest (70.6 g) in poor rural area. The average intake of micronutrients of vitamin A, vitamin B₂, vitamin C, calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc was separately 441.9 μg, 0.8 mg, 80.1 mg, 364.3 mg, and 21.4 mg; which were lower than Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes. The percentage of population whose average intake of vitamin A, vitamin B₂, vitamin C, calcium were lower than estimated average requirement was separately 77.0%, 90.2%, 67.7%, and 96.6%. Conclusion The supply of 3 macronutrient was sufficient in mainland China. However, it was a common issue that there was excessive intake of fat but deficient intake of micronutrients such as vitamin, calcium, iron and zinc. There were differences in nutrition intake among big city, medium and small city, ordinary rural area and poor rural area.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the consumption of fruits and vegetables of Chinese adults.

METHODSData were collected from 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Information on fruits and vegetables consumption was collected by using the 24 h recall method for 3 consecutive days. Using the multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling method. The participants selected were more than 18 years old of 150 counties from 31 provinces in China. Age and sex standardization was performed based on the China 2009 population published by National Statistics Bureau. The average consumption of vegetables or fruits after weight adjustment for complex sampling was reported to analyze the consumption of fruits and vegetables of Chinese adults (x ± Sx).

RESULTSThe average daily consumptions of vegetables and fruits for Chinese residents were (255 ± 6) and (36 ± 3)g/d, respectively. The total consumptions of fruits and vegetables were (291 ± 7)g/d, (295 ± 8)g/d for male, (286 ± 7)g/d for female. Rates on intake of vegetables in Chinese adults during the three survey days were 99.0%-99.8%.Rates on intake of fruits of urban and rural residents were 36.9%-51.5% and 21.3%-30.3%,respectively.The proportion of people whose total amount of vegetables and fruits intake reached 400 g/d were 24%-28% and 13%-23% in urban and rural areas, respectively. In urban and rural areas, the proportion of adults whose consumption reached Chinese dietary guidelines recommended level were 22%-26% and 14%-19% in vegetables, 2%-5% and 1%-2% in fruit, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe consumptions of vegetables and fruits were inadequate in Chinese adults.

Adult ; China ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Rural Population ; Vegetables

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the development of tissue engineering has provided a new approach for the treatment of periodontal bone defect. Tissue engineering therapy includes seed cells, scaffolds and growth factors. Platelet gel contains a large number of platelet growth factors, and collagen is often used for the preparation of scaffold materials. Therefore, the platelet gel and collagen biologically active composite membrane can provide scaffolds and growth factors for the defect bone. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of autologous platelet gel-collagen biologically active composite membrane on the repair of periodontal bone defect in rats. METHODS: Forty-two Wistar rats (Shanghai Xipuer-Bikai Experimental Animal Co., Ltd., China) were selected. (1) Collagen was cut into 5 mm×2 mm size, and 10 mL of whole blood was extracted from 6 rats to obtain platelet-rich plasma. Autologous platelet gel-collagen composite membrane was prepared by adding bovine thrombin, calcium chloride and collagen in a certain proportion. Platelets in whole blood and in platelet-rich plasma were detected. The levels of platelet derived growth factor AB, transforming growth factor-β, basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in whole blood and platelet-rich plasma were detected by ELISA. (2) The models of mandibular periosteal defect were established in 36 rats (the size of the bone defect was 5 mm×2 mm, and the root surface cementum was removed) , and randomly divided into two groups. Autologous platelet gel-collagen group placed the autologous platelet gel-collagen composite membrane in the bone defect, and the control group did not place any materials. The hematoxylin-eosin staining of periodontal tissues of rats in each group was analyzed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. Rate of new born, new centumum formation, new alveolar bone formation, and new periodontal ligament tissue formation height were measured. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 was detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The mean platelet count in platelet-rich plasma was 4.78 times as high as the whole blood, indicating that the number of platelets increased significantly after prepared into platelet-rich plasma (P < 0.05) . The levels of platelet derived growth factor AB, transforming growth factor-β, basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in platelet-rich plasma were 3.10, 3.45, 7.17 and 5.45 times of the whole blood, respectively (P < 0.05) . (2) The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining observed that the rate of new born, new centumum formation, new alveolar bone formation, and new periodontal ligament tissue formation height at 2 weeks in the autologous platelet gel-collagen group showed no significant difference from the control group (P> 0.05) . At 4 and 8 weeks, all above indexes in the autologous platelet gel-collagen group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05) . (3) Results of immunohistochemical staining revealed that at 2 weeks, bone morphogenetic protein-2 in the autologous platelet gel-collagen group began to express, and the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 was highest at 4 weeks (P < 0.05) , and the positive expression was weakened at 8 weeks (P> 0.05) . (4) Our results clarify that autologous platelet gel-collagen bioactive composite membrane can significantly promote the regeneration of new tooth, which is associated with the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2, and reduce the repair time after periodontal tissue defect.