Exposure to high concentration fluoride could do harm to many systems and organs. Recently,great progress has been mad e on the effect of fluoride exposure on immune function including cell immunity, mucosal immunity and cytokines. The aim of this review is to report it.

Nowadays people feared to be infected with HIV extremely,and despised the persons who had bad behaviors susceptible to HIV,for the severe harm to the health by AIDS and secret route of transmission of HIV.So it resulted in some special problems of ethics for discriminations by normal and hostilities by HIV infectious people. Therefore it was key to adopt strategy of tolerance, and to treat the HIV infectious people justly, respectfully that was effective to prevent and treat AIDS. Under the principle of vantage,AIDS patients,HIV infectious people,high-risk groups, general people and medical workers could cooperated with each other,and to preclude the ethics differences with tolerance.By evoling the consciousness of respecting privilege of health,exciting social feeling of moralities and responsibility of the public,we cna raise the effect of preventing and treating of AIDS,and keep the prevalence of AIDS within limits.

Objective To evaluate the differential diagnostic values of combined detection of adenosine de aminase (ADA),carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA),carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153),neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) in patients with pleural effusion.Methods Serum and hydrothorax fluid of CEA,CA153,NSE and CA199 in patients with plearal effusion were measured by electrochemiluminescence assay(ECLA),ADA from pleural effusions were measured by enzyme rate assay,and the clinical value of combined detection in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion was evaluated.Results The levels of ADA(65.89±19.81 U/L) in hydrothorax fluid group with tuberculous pleural effusion were beth higher than those in the groups with inflammatory pleural effusion (17.33±16.58) U/L and malignant pleural effusion(27.44±22.64) U/L (q=12.19 and 10.72,P＜0.01).The positive rate of A DA was 82.88% (29/135) in hydrothorax fluid group with tuberculous pleural effusion,13.41% (11/135) in malignant pleural effusion and 11.11% (2/135) in inflammatory pleural effusion (X~2=59.07,P＜0.01).The levels and positive rate of CEA,CA153,NSE,and CA199 in serum and hydrothorax fluid group with malignant pleural effusion were both higher than those in the group with tuberculous pleural effusion (P＜0.05).Compared with the group with malignant pleural effusion,the levels of CA153 and CA199 in serum and the levels and the positive rate of NSE in serum and hydrothorax fluid were not statistically different in inflammatory pleural effusion group.In the 82 cases with malignant pleural effusion,the positive rate of the four kinds of serum tumor markers including CEA,CA153,NSE and CA199 was 74.39% (61/82) and the positive rate of those hydrothorax fluid tumor markers was 82.93% (68/82).Conclusions Combined detection of ADA,CEA,CA153,NSE and CA199 is of some significance to the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion.

This study examined the effects of a combined surgery of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and modified jejunoileal bypass (JIB) on the body weight, food intake, and the plasma levels of active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and total ghrelin of rats. Rats were divided into 3 groups in terms of different surgical protocol: SG-JIB (n=12), SG (n=12), JIB (n=12) and sham surgery groups (n=10). In SG-JIB group, rats was subjected to sleeve gastrectomy and end to side anastomosis of part of the jejunum (25 cm from the ligament of Treitz) to the ileum 25 cm proximal to the cecum. The body weight and food intake were evaluated during 10 consecutive weeks postoperatively. The levels of active GLP-1 and total ghrelin in the plasma of the rats were measured by ELISA assay. The results showed that the SG-JIB treated rats relative to SG- or JIB-treated ones produced a sustained reduction in food intake and weight gain. The level of active GLP-1 was elevated and total ghrelin level decreased in SG-JIB-treated rats as compared with SG- or JIB-treated ones. It was concluded that SG-JIB could efficiently reduce the body weight and food intake, alter obesity-related hormone levels of the rats, indicating that SG-JIB may be potentially used for the treatment of obesity.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and effect of sequential treatment by the heated humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) in mechanically ventilated patients following endotracheal tube extubation.Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted. Forty-nine patients with the sequential treatment after tracheal intubation extraction admitted to Department of Critical Care Medicine of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital from January 1st to December 31st 2016 were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into HFNC group (n = 25) and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) group (n = 24) in accordance with the random numbertable. During the study, arterial blood gas and the sputum viscosity were assessed at 12, 24, and 48 hours after NPPV or HFNC treatment, and the nasal and facial pressure ulcers within 1 week was also recorded. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted, and the effect of NPPV or HFNC on oxygenation was analyzed.Results Among the 25 patients in the HFNC group, 1 patient who was re-intubated and 2 patients who were changed to NPPV were excluded, and a total of 22 patients with complete data were enrolled in HFNC group. Among the 24 patients in the NPPV group, 1 patient who gave up the treatment and 1 patient who was re-intubated were excluded, and a total of 22 patients with complete data were enrolled in NPPV group. After the sequential treatment, most patients in NPPV group showed moderate viscous sputum (12, 12 and 10 cases at 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively), whereas the patients in HFNC group showed thin sputum (15, 16 and 15 cases at 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively). Sputum viscosity of patients in HFNC group at each time point was significantly lower than that in NPPV group (allP < 0.01). Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) at 12, 24 and 48 hours in the HFNC group were significantly higher than those in the NPPV group [SaO2: 0.978±0.009 vs. 0.906±0.139 at 12 hours, 0.976±0.019 vs. 0.924±0.103 at 24 hours, 0.973±0.019 vs. 0.935±0.079 at 48 hours; PaO2 (mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 97.85±22.99 vs. 79.24±25.86 at 12 hours, 108.10±43.87 vs. 84.44±29.24 at 24 hours, 102.31±39.02 vs. 79.04±27.46 at 48 hours, allP < 0.05], however, the difference in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) at all of the time points between the two groups was not significant. In NPPV group, 4 patients with nasal and facial pressure ulcers was found, and all with Ⅰ phase of pressure ulcers, and no nasal and facial pressure ulcers was found in HFNC group, which was significantly decreased as compared with NPPV group (χ2 = 4.400,P = 0.036). A good effect of oxygen therapy was defined as PaO2 at 48 hours after the sequential treatment was increased by 20% as compared with that before the treatment. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of HFNC on improving oxygenation was higher than that of NPPV (0.917 vs. 0.830); when PaO2 at 48 hours after HFNC treatment was 76.25 mmHg, the sensitivity was 100%, and the specificity was 75.0%.Conclusions Compared with NPPV, adoption of HFNC as sequential treatment is a feasible manner in dealing with the mechanically ventilated patients after endotracheal tube extubation, which can improve the oxygenation as well as reducing the degree of sputum viscosity and incidence of nasal and facial pressure ulcers. HFNC is a promising therapy, which may be worthy to recommend broadly in such a clinical situation.

Objective To evaluate one-stage procedure for the treatment of neonatal intermediate and high imperforated anus. Methods Clinical data of 21 neonates with intermediate or high imperforated anus undergoing one-stage surgical procedure were summarized. Results Postoperative complication included mucous overlap and soiling in 1 case, and occasional soiling in 2 cases. No postoperative constipation developed in any case. Conclusions Neonatal one-stage procedure avoids short comings often seen in staged procedures and needs no colostomy, promoting hyperplasia and prolongs sphincter during early stage, preventing secondary megacolon.

Objective To study the relationship between polymorphisms of RET gene and the incidence of Hirschsprung's disease, investigate the haplotypes of RET gene in patients with Hirschsprung's disease, and analyze the characteristics of single nucleotide polymorphisms of RET gene in Zhejiang Han population. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 123 patients with Hirschsprung's disease and 194 healthy children from 2005 to 2007 at Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University. G enomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood, and the genotypes were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. The frequencies of haplotypes were estimated using the PHASE software. The frequencies of RET alleles of the 194 healthy children were compared with those of other races. The correlation between RET gene and Hirschsprung's disease was analyzed using the chi-square test, and it was expressed in the form of odds ratio and 95% confidence interval.Results Increased risk of Hirschsprung's disease was observed in homozygous genotypes of the RET alleles -5AA, - 1CC, c135AA and c2307GG when compared with other genotypes ( x2 =57. 775, 20.469, 57. 040,38. 869, P ＜ 0. 05 ). Increased risk of Hirschsprung's disease was also observed in RET alleles -5A, - 1 C,c135A, c2307G when compared with other alleles ( x2 = 85.114, 53.117, 77. 005, 70. 161, P ＜0.05). There was no relationship between the frequencies of the alleles and the types of Hirschsprung's disease ( x2= 0.048,0.265, 0. 395, 0.027, P ＞ 0.05 ). The percentage of patients with haplotype ACAG was 75.2%, which was significantly higher than that of 38.7% in healthy children ( x2 = 62. 776, P ＜ 0.05 ). The frequencies of Hirschsprung's disease-associated alleles of RET - 5A, c135A and c2307G in Chinese were significantly higher than thosein the Caucasians or Yorubas (P＜0.05). Conclusions RET -5G＞A, -1A ＞C, c135G＞A and c2307T ＞ G are associated with Hirschsprung's disease and haplotype ACAG is the core one in Zhejiang Han population. There is no relationship between the frequency of allele and the types of Hirschsprung's disease. The frequencies of alleles of RET -5A, c135A and c2307G in Chinese are significantly higher than those in the Caucasians or Yorubas.

Objective To investigate changes in serum levels of Th22 cell ? related cytokines and complements in patients with drug eruption before and after treatment, and to explore their possible roles in the occurrence and development of drug eruption. Methods This study included 35 patients with drug eruption, and 35 sex?and age?matched healthy controls. Five milliliters of peripheral blood samples were collected from the controls and patients before and after treatment. Enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was performed to measure serum levels of interleukin 22(IL?22)and IL?13, and the cytometric bead array(CBA)system was used to determine serum levels of tumor necrosis factor?α(TNF?α) and complement components C3a, C4a and C5a. Results Before treatment, the patients with drug eruption showed significantly higher serum levels of IL?22(40.85 ± 14.56 vs. 29.09 ± 8.66 ng/L, t=5.549, P<0.05), IL?13(869.94 ± 463.39 vs. 372.92 ± 151.75 ng/L, t=6.071, P<0.05), TNF?α(1.03 ± 0.64 vs. 0.44 ± 0.31 ng/L, t=4.321, P<0.05), complement C3a(55.21 ± 32.98 vs. 42.44 ± 14.26 ng/L, t=2.832, P<0.05), C4a(285.11 ± 123.91 vs. 237.00 ± 63.57 ng/L, t=2.257, P<0.05), and C5a(279.68 ± 127.72 vs. 215.98 ± 65.38 ng/L, t=2.495, P<0.05)compared with the controls. After treatment, the serum levels of IL?22, IL?13, TNF?α, complement C3a, C4a and C5a in patients decreased to(32.72 ± 11.77)ng/L,(456.21 ± 123.22)ng/L,(0.64 ± 0.39)ng/L,(45.47 ± 21.11)ng/L,(241.86 ± 84.12)ng/L and(239.61 ± 103.51)ng/L respectively, with a significant difference between the pretreatment and posttreatment values of these proteins(t = 4.443, 5.197, 3.572, 3.213, 2.728 and 4.772, respectively, all P ≤ 0.01). Additionally, the serum levels of IL?22 and IL?13 were still significantly higher in the patients than in the controls(both P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences in the serum levels of TNF?α, complement C3a, C4a or C5a between the patients and controls after treatment(all P > 0.05). Correlation analysis showed positive correlations between complement C3a and C4a serum levels(r = 0.660, P < 0.05), between C3a and C5a serum levels(r = 0.404, P < 0.05), between C4a and C5a serum levels(r = 0.501, P < 0.05), and between IL ? 22 and TNF ? α serum levels(r = 0.573, P = 0.005), but negative correlations between IL ? 22 and complement C3a serum levels(r = -0.490, P = 0.005), in patients before treatment. Conclusion The activation of Th22 cell?related cytokines and complements may play important roles in the occurrence and development of drug eruption, and IL?22 may participate in the regulation of complements.

Objective: To explore the effect of complement C3 a-C3a receptor in the kidney immune inju-ry in trichloroethylene-sensitized mice by using C3a receptor specific antagonist C3aRA and discuss the patho-genesis of kidney injury in occupational dermatitis medicamentosa-like of trichloroethylene (ODMLT) . Methods: 42 female 6~8 weeks old BALB/c mice of specific pathogen free were randomly divided into blank control group (5) , solvent control group (5) , TCE treatment group (16) and TCE+C3aRA treatment group (16) . The TCE treat-ment group and TCE+C3aRA treatment group were further divided into the sensitized group and the non-sensi-tized group according to the skin sensitization test score. Renal function was detected by biochemical detection kit; expression of C3aR in kidney tissue was detected by qPCR; expression of IL-1β and TNF-α protein were de-tected by immunohistochemical. Results: Compared with solvent control group and corresponding non-sensitized group, CRE and BUN in TCE sensitized group and TCE + C3aRA sensitized group were significantly increased (P<0.05) . Compared with TCE sensitized group, CRE and BUN in TCE+C3aRA sensitized group were signifi-cantly decreased (P<0.05) . Compared with solvent control group and TCE non-sensitized group, the expression level of C3aR gene in kidney tissue in TCE sensitized group was significantly increased (P<0.05) . There was a large number of IL-1β and TNF-α protein expression in kidney tissue in TCE sensitized group and TCE+C3aRA sensitized group. Compared with the TCE sensitized group, the expression level of IL-1β and TNF-α protein in kidney tissue in TCE+C3aRA sensitized group was significantly decreased (P<0.05) . Conclusion C3a-C3aR may be involved in the kidney immune injury in TCE sensitized mice, C3aRA has a protective effect on the kid-ney immune injury in TCE sensitized mice.

OBJECTIVETo determine the levels of complement components C3a and C5a in the kidneys of trichloroethylene (TCE)-sensitized BALB/c mice, and to investigate the role of complement components in TCE-induced renal injury among BALB/c mice.

METHODSSixty-two female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into blank control group, vehicle control group, and TCE sensitization group. The mice in TCE sensitization group were sensitized by one intracutaneous injection and one abdominal smear of TCE. At 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 d after the second sensitization, mice were sacrificed, and the blood and kidneys were collected. An automatic biochemical analyzer was used in the determination of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). The levels of C3a and C5a in the kidneys were determined by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSThe sensitization rate of TCE sensitization group was 42.0%. Kidney coefficient and serum levels of BUN and Cr were significantly increased in the TCE sensitization group as compared with the vehicle control group at 48 h and 72 h after sensitization (P < 0.05). The kidney coefficients of the TCE sensitization group at 48 h and 72 h were significantly higher than those of the control groups (P < 0.05). In comparison with the vehicle control group, however, no significant change was found in kidney coefficient, serum BUN, or serum Cr at 7 d after TCE sensitization (P > 0.05). Levels of C3a and C5a at 48 h (3.80±0.84 and 4.00±1.00, respectively) and 72 h (4.40 ± 1.14 and 4.40 ± 1.14, respectively) after sensitization were all significantly higher than those of the vehicle control group (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was found in level of C3a (1.80±0.45) or C5a (2.00 ± 0.71) at 7 d (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONTCE sensitization can induce renal injury in mice. Levels of complement components C3a and C5a are elevated in the kidneys of sensitized mice, indicating that C3a and C5a may be involved in the renal injury induced by TCE sensitization.

Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Complement C3a ; metabolism ; Complement C5a ; metabolism ; Creatinine ; blood ; Female ; Kidney ; metabolism ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Trichloroethylene ; toxicity