Objective To evaluate the feasibility and effect of sequential treatment by the heated humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) in mechanically ventilated patients following endotracheal tube extubation.Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted. Forty-nine patients with the sequential treatment after tracheal intubation extraction admitted to Department of Critical Care Medicine of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital from January 1st to December 31st 2016 were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into HFNC group (n = 25) and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) group (n = 24) in accordance with the random numbertable. During the study, arterial blood gas and the sputum viscosity were assessed at 12, 24, and 48 hours after NPPV or HFNC treatment, and the nasal and facial pressure ulcers within 1 week was also recorded. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted, and the effect of NPPV or HFNC on oxygenation was analyzed.Results Among the 25 patients in the HFNC group, 1 patient who was re-intubated and 2 patients who were changed to NPPV were excluded, and a total of 22 patients with complete data were enrolled in HFNC group. Among the 24 patients in the NPPV group, 1 patient who gave up the treatment and 1 patient who was re-intubated were excluded, and a total of 22 patients with complete data were enrolled in NPPV group. After the sequential treatment, most patients in NPPV group showed moderate viscous sputum (12, 12 and 10 cases at 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively), whereas the patients in HFNC group showed thin sputum (15, 16 and 15 cases at 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively). Sputum viscosity of patients in HFNC group at each time point was significantly lower than that in NPPV group (allP < 0.01). Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) at 12, 24 and 48 hours in the HFNC group were significantly higher than those in the NPPV group [SaO2: 0.978±0.009 vs. 0.906±0.139 at 12 hours, 0.976±0.019 vs. 0.924±0.103 at 24 hours, 0.973±0.019 vs. 0.935±0.079 at 48 hours; PaO2 (mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 97.85±22.99 vs. 79.24±25.86 at 12 hours, 108.10±43.87 vs. 84.44±29.24 at 24 hours, 102.31±39.02 vs. 79.04±27.46 at 48 hours, allP < 0.05], however, the difference in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) at all of the time points between the two groups was not significant. In NPPV group, 4 patients with nasal and facial pressure ulcers was found, and all with Ⅰ phase of pressure ulcers, and no nasal and facial pressure ulcers was found in HFNC group, which was significantly decreased as compared with NPPV group (χ2 = 4.400,P = 0.036). A good effect of oxygen therapy was defined as PaO2 at 48 hours after the sequential treatment was increased by 20% as compared with that before the treatment. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of HFNC on improving oxygenation was higher than that of NPPV (0.917 vs. 0.830); when PaO2 at 48 hours after HFNC treatment was 76.25 mmHg, the sensitivity was 100%, and the specificity was 75.0%.Conclusions Compared with NPPV, adoption of HFNC as sequential treatment is a feasible manner in dealing with the mechanically ventilated patients after endotracheal tube extubation, which can improve the oxygenation as well as reducing the degree of sputum viscosity and incidence of nasal and facial pressure ulcers. HFNC is a promising therapy, which may be worthy to recommend broadly in such a clinical situation.

AIM: To investigate the relationships between antiproliferative mechanisms of probucol and protein expressions of signaling molecules ERK1/2, MKP-1, HO-1 and Trx-1 in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) stimulated with ox-LDL. METHODS: The effects of probucol on cell cycle, cell proliferation and the expressions of ERK1/2, MKP-1, HO-1 and Trx-1 in the presence of ox-LDL were observed by means of MTT test, FCM and Western blotting. RESULTS: (1) Probucol significantly inhibited the proliferation of RASMCs stimulated with ox-LDL. A value in 100 μmol/L probucol+35 mg/L ox-LDL group was reduced by 34.9% as compared to ox-LDL group (P<0.01). (2) Probucol protected against ox-LDL-induced RASMCs proliferation through inducing cell growth arrest at G_0/G_1 phase and cell apoptosis. (3) ox-LDL increased the expression of p-ERK1/2 by 34.7% (P<0.01) and decreased MKP-1 by 60.0% (P<0.01), respectively, as compared to control. Probucol attenuated the increase in ox-LDL-stimulated p-ERK1/2 level by 15.7%, but increased MKP-1 expression by 2 times (P<0.01). (4)ox-LDL at concentration of 35 mg/L decreased the intracellular Trx-1 expression by 28.9% (P<0.05), and slightly increased the level of HO-1 expression as compared to control (P<0.05). Probucol enhanced the expression of Trx-1 by 91.6% (P<0.01) and HO-1 by 31.9% (P<0.01), respectively as compared to ox-LDL group. CONCLUSION: Probucol inhibits ox-LDL-stimulated the proliferation of RASMCs through increases in MKP-1/HO-1 expression, suppression of cell cycle progression and induction of cell apoptosis.

Objective To investigate the correlation between gene polymorphism within human β defensin 1 (DEFB1) and fungal susceptibility to severe sepsis through case-control association study.Methods A total of211 patients with severe sepsis in ICU were enrolled in the present case control study. Sepsis in this study was diagnosed according to the definition of American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference in 1992 and 2002. Based on the development of fungal infection during ICU stay, all 211 patients were divided into fungal infection group (Group Ⅰ) and control group (Group C). Alleles and genotypes of-1816A/G, -390A/T, -52A/G, -44C/G and-20A/G within DEFB1 gene were assayed in all 211 patients by means of DNA direct sequencing, Allele-specific PCR amplifications or high-throughput site-specific TaqMan assay. Genetic analysis was employed to calculate the distribution frequency of haplotypes. The correlation between the genomic variations (allele,genotype and haplotype) and fungal infection was analyzed by Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.Odds ratio (OR) was employed to reflect the correlation degree of genetic factor with fungal susceptibility to severe sepsis. Results Group Ⅰ enrolled 80 patients, of whom 43 pstients were male, at age of (60.81 ± 18.30) years. Group C enrolled 131 patients, of whom 80 patients were male, at mean age of (60.42 ± 17.03) years. No significant difference was found between two groups in aspect of gender and age (P＞0.05). The genetic locus of -1816A/G, -390A/T, -52A/G, -44C/G and -20A/G of both groups were in agreement with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. No significant difference was found between two groups in the distribution of allelic frequencies and genotype frequencies (P ＞0.05). No significant difference was found in the distribution frequency of four common haplotypes of the above five genetic locus such as AAACG, ATGCA, GTGGG and ATACG (all P ＞ 0.05). Conclusions Genetic locus of -1816A/G, -390A/T, -52A/G, -44C/G and-20A/G within DEFB1 gene have no correction with fungal infections in severe sepsis, suggesting that DEFB1 gene polymorphism may not serve as a key genetic marker for the predisposition to fungal infection in severe sepsis.

Objective To establish a quantitative detection method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by immunomagnetic capture combined with PCR-ELISA detection system with double internal standards(IMC-PCR-ELISA) .Methods The immunomagnetic (Dynabeads? ) which could specifically capture Mycobacterium tuberculosis were prepared .According to Mtp40 and IS6110 gene sequence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ,2 pairs of primers(upstream primer was modified with Biotin at 5′end) ,2 same-length mutant fragments with PCR amplified fragments ,and 3 capture probes(modified with digoxigenin at 3′end) were designed .Myco-bacterium tuberculosis were captured by immunomagnetic ,then detected by PCR-ELISA with double internal standards .Results The IMC-PCR-ELISA method could yield quantitative results in about 4 h with a detection limit at 5 × 103 copies/mL .There was a fine linear relationship between the copies of Mtp40(IS6110)in fact and in the calculation through formula when the concentrations of low internal standards were 30-70 copies/mL and the concentrations of high internal standards were 8 000-12 000 copies/mL (r2 =0 .998) .No nonspecific amplification was observed .Conclusion A rapid and quantitative method for the detection of Myco-bacterium tuberculosis was established successfully .The IMC-PCR-ELISA method was rapid ,sensitive ,secific and quantitative .

Background and purpose: Factor that binds to the inducer of short transcripts of human immuno-deficiency virus-1 (FBI-1) in a variety of malignant tumors showed high expression levels, which may be closely related to tumor proliferation and differentiation, angiogenesis, metastasis, but its relationship with breast cancer has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of FBI-1 in breast cancer cells, and to study the effect of FBI-1 gene expression on the proliferation of breast cancer cells and its possible mechanism. Methods:Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTFQ-PCR) and Western blot analysis were applied to detect FBI-1 expression in normal human mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A and breast cancer cell MCF-7. RNA interference method was used to down-regulate FBI-1 expression in MCF-7 cells. The cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8 kit and colony formation assay. RTFQ-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of FBI-1 and NF-κBp65 in MCF-7 cells before and after the interference of FBI-1 expression. Results: The expression of FBI-1 was higher in breast cancer cells than that in normal human mammary epithelial cells (P<0.05). The effects of FBI-1 down-regulation inhibited proliferation in MCF-7 cells (P<0.05). At the same time, after inhibition of FBI-1, the NF-κBp65 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: FBI-1 is highly expressed in breast cancer cells. Down-regulated FBI-1 expression can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective To evaluate one-stage procedure for the treatment of neonatal intermediate and high imperforated anus. Methods Clinical data of 21 neonates with intermediate or high imperforated anus undergoing one-stage surgical procedure were summarized. Results Postoperative complication included mucous overlap and soiling in 1 case, and occasional soiling in 2 cases. No postoperative constipation developed in any case. Conclusions Neonatal one-stage procedure avoids short comings often seen in staged procedures and needs no colostomy, promoting hyperplasia and prolongs sphincter during early stage, preventing secondary megacolon.

Objective To study the changes of trans-diaphragmatic pressure (Ptra) and its correlation with esophageal pressure (Peso) through ARDS piglet model.Methods Five piglets were enrolled in the study.Peso,gastric pressure (Pgas) and intra-thoracic pressure (Pint) was monitored through balloon inserted.The data before ARDS serve as control.ARDS was produced in the piglets through saline lavage.The pressure were observed and the Ptra were calculated.The pressure changes and correlation between Ptra and Peso were analyzed as well.Linear regression with the coefficient of determination and t-test were used as appropriate.Significance was assumed for P ＜ 0.05.Results Peso,Pgas and Pint before ARDS were 7.3 ± 1.9,25.5 ± 2.4,- 1.23 ± 0.21 cmH2O,Ptra was 18.2 ± 1.6 cmH2O.While after ARDS,the data were 4.7 ± 1.4,31.1 ± 3.1 and - 1.79 ± 0.28 cmH2O,and Ptra was 26.4 ± 2.1 cmH2 O,and all these changes were obviously ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The correlation between Pint and Peso,Pint and Ptra (A) and Ptra ( B ) were 0.93 ± 0.025,0.88 ± 0.023 and 0.87 ± 0.37 before ARDS.After ARDS,the correlation changed to be 0.82 ±0.21,0.81 ±0.20 and 0.78 ±0.31.Although a bit decreased,the correlation was still positive (P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions There existed good correlations between Peso and Ptra as well as between Pint and Peso before or after ARDS.Ptra was increased obviously after ARDS,which could lead to respiratory muscle fatigue.

Objective: To study the clinicopathological features of primary hepatic extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) and hepatic pseudolymphoma, and to discuss their differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Methods: Three primary hepatic MALT lymphomas and two hepatic pseudolymphomas collected from January 2012 to March 2017 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were evaluated by HE and immunohistochemistry(IHC), in-situ hybridization and immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement detection, and the relevant literature reviewed. Results: In the three MALT lymphomas, tumor cells infiltrated the portal areas with nodular pattern, and invaded the surrounding normal liver with serpiginous configuration and formation of confluent sheets. A number of bile ducts were entrapped within the lesions, and showed lymphoepithelial lesion. Reactive lymphoid follicles were present and surrounded by tumor cells, consisting of predominantly centrocyte-like cells and monocytoid B cells. There were clusters of epithelioid histiocytes in one case. The tumor cells were positive for CD20, PAX5 and negative for CD5, CD23, CD10, bcl-6, and cyclin D1. In the two hepatic pseudolymphomas, the lesions presented as solitary nodules well-demarcated from the surrounding liver tissue; one case was partially encapsulated with fibrous tissue. Entrapped bile ducts were only found at the edge of the lesions without lymphoepithelial lesion. The lesions comprised of massive lymphoid proliferation consisting predominantly of reactive lymphoid follicles, but not monocytoid B-cells or atypical cells. By IHC, a mixture of B- and T-cell population was identified. A monoclonal rearrangement of the Ig gene was detected in all three MALT lymphomas but not in two pseudolymphomas. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridiazation test for MALT1 break-apart gene was positive in two cases of MALT lymphomas and EBER was negative in all studied cases. Conclusions Primary heptic MALT lymphoma and pseudolymphoma are both rare lymphoid proliferative lesions of liver. These two lesions have overlapping histological and IHC features and are top differential diagnosis to each other. A combination analysis of morphology, immunophenotype and Ig gene rearrangement is helpful to distinguish between them.

Objective: To explore the effect of complement C3 a-C3a receptor in the kidney immune inju-ry in trichloroethylene-sensitized mice by using C3a receptor specific antagonist C3aRA and discuss the patho-genesis of kidney injury in occupational dermatitis medicamentosa-like of trichloroethylene (ODMLT) . Methods: 42 female 6~8 weeks old BALB/c mice of specific pathogen free were randomly divided into blank control group (5) , solvent control group (5) , TCE treatment group (16) and TCE+C3aRA treatment group (16) . The TCE treat-ment group and TCE+C3aRA treatment group were further divided into the sensitized group and the non-sensi-tized group according to the skin sensitization test score. Renal function was detected by biochemical detection kit; expression of C3aR in kidney tissue was detected by qPCR; expression of IL-1β and TNF-α protein were de-tected by immunohistochemical. Results: Compared with solvent control group and corresponding non-sensitized group, CRE and BUN in TCE sensitized group and TCE + C3aRA sensitized group were significantly increased (P<0.05) . Compared with TCE sensitized group, CRE and BUN in TCE+C3aRA sensitized group were signifi-cantly decreased (P<0.05) . Compared with solvent control group and TCE non-sensitized group, the expression level of C3aR gene in kidney tissue in TCE sensitized group was significantly increased (P<0.05) . There was a large number of IL-1β and TNF-α protein expression in kidney tissue in TCE sensitized group and TCE+C3aRA sensitized group. Compared with the TCE sensitized group, the expression level of IL-1β and TNF-α protein in kidney tissue in TCE+C3aRA sensitized group was significantly decreased (P<0.05) . Conclusion C3a-C3aR may be involved in the kidney immune injury in TCE sensitized mice, C3aRA has a protective effect on the kid-ney immune injury in TCE sensitized mice.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the survival time and its related factors among AIDS patients in Liangshan prefecture of Sichuan province from 1995 to 2012.

METHODSA retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the information of 5 263 AIDS patients. The data were collected from Chinese HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Information Management System. Life table method was applied to calculate the survival proportion, and Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportion hazard regression model were used to identify the factors related to survival time.

RESULTSAmong 5 273 AIDS patients, 819 (15.6%)died of AIDS related diseases; 2 782(52.9%) received antiretroviral therapy. The average survival time was 126.7 (117.1-136.2) months, and the survival rate in 1, 5, 10, 15 years were 95.4%, 78.8%, 54.2%, and 31.8% respectively. Univariate analysis showed a significant difference in survival time of age diagnosed as AIDS patients, nationality, transmission route, AIDS phase, CD4(+)T cell counts in the last testing, receiving antiretroviral therapy or not. Multivariate Cox regression showed age diagnosed AIDS below 50 years old ( < 15 years old:HR = 0.141, 95%CI:0.036-0.551;15-49 years old:HR = 0.343, 95%CI:0.241-0.489), HIV infection diagnosed phase (HR = 0.554, 95%CI:0.432-0.709), CD4(+)T cell counts last testing ≥ 350/µl (HR = 0.347, 95%CI:0.274-0.439) reduced the risk of dying of AIDS related diseases among AIDS patients. The patients having not received antiretroviral therapy had a higher risk of death(HR = 3.478, 95%CI:2.943-4.112) compared to those who received antiretroviral therapy.

CONCLUSIONSurvival time of AIDS patients was possibly mainly influenced by the age of diagnosed as AIDS patients, AIDS phase, CD4(+)T cell counts and whether or not received antiretroviral therapy. The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy could extend the survival time.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; mortality ; China ; epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Analysis ; Survival Rate