Objective To understand the psychological status of the AIDS affected orphans in Henan Sunshine Homestead.Methods One hundred orphans from three Henan Sunshine Homesteads were investigated by questionnaire and depth-interviews.Results The study showed that the AIDS affected orphans were satisfied with their present living conditions in general,but still had some dissatisfaction.They valued peer relations,but were passive to contact strangers,and also felt lacking of care from the elderly.Nearly 70% of the orphans were some what introverted in nature,and some were in lack of thankful heart to managers of the Homestead and their patrons.

Objective To establish the RP-HPLC method for the determination of paeoniflorin in Cervipower Capsules. Methods Diamonsil~(TM)C_(18)column was used,with a mobile phase of A(methanol)-B(0.025 mol?L~(-1)disodium hydro- gen phosphate,adjusting pH being 7.4 with 0.025 mol?L~(-1)potassium dihydrogen phosphate),and with a gradient elu- tion,the flow rate was 1.0 mL?min~(-1),the detection wavelength was 230 nm,and the column temperature was 30℃. Result The linear range was 15.10～105.70?g?mL~(-1),r=0.999 9,and the average recovery for paeoniflorin was 100.1%,with RSD 1.94 %(n=9).Conclusion The method is accurate and reproducible,and can be used to deter- mine the content of paeoniflorin in Cervipower Capsules.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the anticancer activity of 5'-dexoxy-fluorouridine on colon cancer experimental models in BALB/C mice,compared with 5'-fluorouracil,an anticancer agent widely used in clinic,meanwhile,examined the conversion of 5'-Dexoxy-fluorouridine to 5' -fluorouracil in cancer tissues and serum of mouse models.MethodsThe xenografts of mouse colon cancer cell line CT 26 were transplantated to cecum in 60 male BALB/C mice.Three days lated,these mice were divided into 3 groups and intro- peritoneally injected:( 1 ) 5' - dexoxy- fluorouridine 0.1 mg/g,(2) 5' - Fluorouracil 0.02 mg/g,(3)0.9％ sodium chloride 0.4 mL (as a control),respectively.Two and three weeks later,6 mice were sacririced in every group respectively to measure the weight of tumors and bodies,to examine the Hb,RBC,WBC,PLT,AST,ALT,UREA,and CREA in blood.The rest 8 mice in each group were fed generally,and the survival time from operation to natural death was recorded.In addition,14 mice with xenografts of CT 26 about 2 weeks,were divided into 2 groups averagely,5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine 0.1 mg/g and 5' -fluorouracil 0.02 mg/g were intro-peritoneally injected respectively.Fifteen min later,the converted 5' -fluorouracil was detected from the blood and tumor tissues in sacrificed mice.ResultsThe lest tumor average weight was found in the mice injected 5 '-dexoxy-fluorouridine,being (0.07 ± 0.12) g and (0.24g ±0.29) g for the mice sacrificed at 2 and 3 weeks later,respectively.The average survival time for rest mice was ( 32.6 ± 8.9) d.The average tumor weight in 5' - fluorouracil group was (0.74 ± 0.43 ) g and ( 1.13 ±0.75) g at 2 and 3 weeks later,and the average survival time for the rest was (22.8 ±5.9)d,respectively.The average tumor weight in the control group was (0.70 ±0.47) g and ( 1.93 ±0.83) g at 2 and 3 weeks,and the average survival time for the rest was ( 17.5 ± 2.8 ) d.Either the average tumor weight or average survival time in the mice of 5 ' -dexoxy-fluorouridine group was significantly differen from either 5' -fluorouracil group or control (P ＜ 0.05 ).However,there was no significant difference for the numbers of WBC,PLC,Hb,and some function examination of liver and kidney among 3 group mice,besides the loss of weights in 5'-fluorouracil group mice after operation and medicine therapy which was significantly obvious than that in 5' -deoxy-fluorouridine and control groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ).In addition,( 54.71 ± 12.82) μg/g 5' -fluorouracil was detected in xenografts of mice injected 5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine 15 min later,which was the 6.20 folds of 5' -fluorouracil detected in serum from sthe ame group,P ＜0.05.However,( 133.35 ±20.69) μg/m 5'-fluorouracil were detected in serum of mice after 5' -fluorouracil were injected 15 min later,which was the 1.55 folds of 5' -fluorouracil detected in the xenografts from same group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionsIn colon cancer tissues of mouse experimental models,5' - dexoxy- fluorouridine could be converted effectively to 5'-fluorouracil,an obvious high concentration being detected in serum of mice than in cancer tissues.The anticancer effect of 5'-dexoxy-fluorouridine on mouse colon cancer models was more effective than 5'-fluorouracil,resulting in a longer survival duration,less side effect and no significant injury on liver and kidney functions.However,the mechanism of 5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine converted to 5' -fluorouracil in cancer tissue is needed further investigation.

Objective To evaluate the in vitro activity of daptomycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, tigecycline, ceftobiprole and linezolid against 499 strains of blood-isolated gram-positive cocci. Methods Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) of daptomycin with microbrothdilution method and the MICs of other 9 antimicrnhial agents with agar dilution method against 499 strains of blood-isolated gram positive cocci was carried out. The data was analyzed with WHONET 5.4 software. Results The susceptibility rates of staphylococci to daptomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, ceftobiprole, vancomyein and teicoplanin were 100%. All staphylococcus strains were inhibited by daptomycin at a MIC of 1 mg/L. The MIC50 and MIC60 of daptomyein were both 0.5 mg/L against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus coagalase-negative (MRSCnN). Among Enterococcus spp, the highest MIC of daptomycin was 4 mg/L. The MIC50 and MIC90 of daptomycin were both 2 mg/L against E.faecalis, whereas they were 2 mg/L and 4 mg/L against E.faecium. One strains of linezolid-resistant E.faecalis(MIC:8 mg/L)was susceptible to daptomycin (MIC: 1 mg/L). Three strains of E.faecium carrying vanA gene with vancomycin MICs above 32 mg/L and teicoplanin MICs also 32 mg/L were susceptible to daptomycin, tigeeycline and linezolid. The MIC range of daptomycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus viridans was 0.032-0.25 mg/L and 0.125-1.000 mg/L separately. Conclusions Daptomycin has excellent in vitro activity against common gram-positive pathogens isolated from blood. It may be a good choice for clinicians to treat drug-resistant gram-positive cocci.

Objective To compare the in vitro activity of cefminox with other antimicrobial agents against clinical Escherichia coil, Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and Bacteroides species. Methods MICs of sixteen antimicrobial agents against 945 Escherichia coli and 588 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from 15 teaching hospitals and MICs of four antimicrobial agents against 50 Bacteroides species isolates were determined by agar dilution method. WHONET 5.4 software was used to analyze the data. Results Among 1533 Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, 628 isolates produced neither extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) nor AmpC, while 837 isolates produced only ESBLs and 68 isolates produced AmpC enzymes. The susceptibility rate of cefminox against non-ESBLs-producing or ESBLs-producing isolates was above 90%. MIC_(50) of eefminox was 2-4 fold lower than cefometazole and 8-16 fold lower than cefoxitin. MIC50 of cefminox was 2-8 fold lower than cefometazole and 8-16 fold lower than cefoxitin. Against ESBLs-producing isolates, the in vitro activity of cefminox was superior to the third and fourth generation cephalosporins, aztreonam, cefoperazone/sulbactam, levofloxacin, amikacin and inferior to carbapenems. Its activity was similar to piperacillin-tazobactam. The susceptibility rate of cefminox against AmpC-producing isolates was less than 20%. The susceptibility rate of cefminox against Bacteroides species was 90%, which was higher than that of cefometazole (50% -70%) and penicillin (0%) and similar to that of metronidazole. Conclusion Cefminox exhibites good activity against ESBLs-producing and non-ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and Bacteroides species, which indicates that cefminox could be one of the options for the treatment of infections caused by these organisms.

Objective To evaluate the characteristics of the PREVI Isola automated plate streaker (bioMérieux,SA).Methods 80 respiratory tract specimens,70 sterile fluids,52 stools,69 swabs,12 cerebrospinal fluids and 80 urines were collected in Peking Union Medicd College Hospital.Specimens were processed with manual streaking and PREVI Isola system.PREVI Isola system were evaluated comparing to the manual streaking.The quality of results were analyzed by SPSS 16.0, doing Wilcoxon’s Sign Rank Test for the results of finally isolated species,overall numbers of isolated colonies and semi-quantita-tive of the species were both isolated by the two methods.Results PREVI Isola system was highly automatic,which could select the right plates and stake the bar code on the back of the plate indicating the type of the agar and inoculation time, PREVI Isola system could accurately absorb the liquid specimen and use a novel comb streaking procedure for processing of fluid specimens on standard agar plates,like 17 inoculating loops work together.It also had a good reproducibility.The quali-ty of PREVI Isola system results:As to the finally isolated species,there was significant statistical difference between PREVI Isola system and manual streaking method in respiratory tract and stools specimen,there were more species isolated by manual streaking method than PREVI Isola system.There were no differences between the two methods for the other of specimen types.As to the amount of pure clones of the species were both isolated by the two methods,there were significant statistical differences between the two methods for respiratory tract,sterile fluid and stool specimens.The amount of clones isolated by PREVI Isola system was more than manual streaking method.In semi-quantitative results,there were significant statistical differences between the two methods for respiratory tract and urine specimen,Species had wider distribution of PREVI Isola system than manual streaking method.Inoculation efficiency:if the batch of specimen type was simple (mainly the urine and so on),using the same plates,PREVI Isola system was more efficient than manual streaking method.Howev-er,if the batch of specimen type was complicated,manual method was high-performance.Besides,not all specimen type could be inoculated by PREVI Isola system,such as cerebrospinal fluid,catheter and tissues.Conclusion If the lab had simple specimen type,or utilize the specimen type using the same agar plates to be inoculated together,PREVI Isola system belongs to a good performance automated plate streaker.

Objective To explore the characteristics of blood vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, D, E, K1, K2 and folic acid and their correlation with severity in patients with metabolic-related fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Methods　From September to December 2022, a total of 473 cases of residents were recruited through community MAFLD screening activities and their health information was obtained through questionnaire survey and physical examination. The severity of hepatic steatosis was determined with FibroScan, and vitamin concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Two independent samples' t-tests were used to assess the differences between the two groups, and univariate chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to explore the related factors of MAFLD. Results　Of the 473 inhabitants, 195 (41.23%, 195/473) met the diagnostic criteria for MAFLD, including mild 43 (22.05%, 43/195) cases of fatty liver, 88 (45.13%, 88/195) cases of moderate fatty liver, and 64 (32.82%, 64/195) cases of severe fatty liver. Using healthy residents collected during the same period as controls, the overall mean of vitamins A, E, K1, and K2 in the MAFLD group was higher than that of the healthy group, with a statistical difference (P<0.05). Furthermore, the concentrations of vitamins A, E, K1 and K2 increased with the severity of fatty liver [R=0.149, P=0.004; R=0.245, P<0.001; R=0.110, P=0.032; R=0.129，P=0.012]. There were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the blood levels of vitamin A and E between patients with moderate or severe fatty liver and the healthy population. The blood vitamins K1 and K2 in severe fatty liver patients were also different from those of healthy people (P<0.05). However, there was no significance between folic acid, vitamin D, B2, B6, B12, and MAFLD (P>0.05). Through univariate chi-square analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was found that male [Wald=5.789, P=0.034，OR=1.598(1.037-2.463)] and vitamin E≥8.13 μg/mL[Wald=14.632，P<0.001，OR=2.378(1.522-3.674)] were risk factors for moderate and severe MAFLD. Conclusions The concentrations of vitamin A, E, and K in the blood are increased in patients with MAFLD compared to the healthy population, and they are positively correlated with the severity of MAFLD. ale gender and high levels of vitamin E may be related to moderate to severe MAFLD.

Outbreaks of pseudorabies (PR) have occurred in southern China since late 2011, resulting in significant economic impacts on the swine industry. To identify the cause of PR outbreaks, especially among vaccinated pigs, 11 pseudorabies virus (PRV) field strains were isolated from Guangdong province during 2013–2014. Their major viral genes (gE, TK, gI, PK, gD, 11K, and 28K) were analyzed in this study. Insertions or deletions were observed in gD, gE, gI and PK genes compared with other PRV isolates from all over the world. Furthermore, sequence alignment showed that insertions in gD and gE were unique molecular characteristics of the new prevalent PRV strains in China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our isolates were clustered in an independent branch together with other strains isolated from China in recent years, and that they showed a closer genetic relationship with earlier isolates from Asia. Our results suggest that these isolates are novel PRV variants with unique molecular signatures.
Asia ; China* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Genes, Viral ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid* ; Pseudorabies* ; Sequence Alignment ; Swine

Objective To investigate the profile of antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates from the patients in Peking Union Medical College Hospital during 2012.Methods A total of 6 662 nonduplicate clinical isolates were collected.Disc diffusion test or Kirby-Bauer method and automated systems were employed to study the antimicrobial resistance.The data were analyzed by WHONET 5.6 software according to CLSI 2012 breakpoints.Results Of the 6 662 bacterial strains included in this analysis, gram negative organisms and gram positive cocci accounted for 66.7% (4 446/6 662)and 33.3% (2 216/6 662),respectively. The top 10 most frequently isolated microorganisms were E.coli (17%),P .aeruginosa (11.4%),A.baumannii (11.4%), S.aureus (11.2%),K.pneumoniae (9.2%),E.faecalis (8.4%),E.faecium (4.1%),coagulase negative Staphylococcus (3.3%),E.cloacae (3.1%)and S.maltophilia (3.1%).About 39.9% of the S.aureus strains and 73.4% of the coagulase negative Staphylococcus were methicillin-resistant.No staphylococcal strains were found resistant to vancomycin,teicoplanin or linezolid.A few of vancomycin-or teicoplanin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecium and E.faecalis.No lin-ezolid resistant strains were found.ESBLs-producing strains accounted for 53.0%,25.7% and 27.0% in E.coli,Klebsiella spp.(K.pneumoniae and K.oxytoca)and P .mirabilis, respectively.The Enterobacteriaceae strains were still highly susceptible to carbapenems. Overall, less than 2.6% of these strains were resistant to carbapenems.A few pan-re-sistant strains of K.pneumoniae (0.7%,4/615)were iden-tified.About 20.3% and 13.6% of the P .aeruginosa isolates were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively.P . aeruginosa isolates showed the lowest resistance rate (7.2%)to amikacin.And 72.8% and 75.2% of A.baumannii strains were resistant to imipenem and meropenem.A.baumannii isolates showed relatively low resistance rate to cefoperazone-sulbac-tam (51.2%)and minocycline (30.2%).The prevalence of pan-resistant strains was 43.5% in A.baumannii and 1.4% in P . aeruginosa.Conclusions Bacterial resistance is still increasing,especially pan-resistant A.baumannii strains.It is mandatory to take effective measures to control hospital infections and improve rational antibiotic use.

Objective To evaluate the influences of susceptibility interpretation of Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis in China mainland according to the old and new ceftazidime,cefotaxime and ceftriaxone breakpoints in CLSI M100-S20 and CLSI M100-S19. Methods First, We analyzed the antibacterial susceptibility results of the three bacteria by agar dilution method in the SEANIR surveillance item, which were collected from 15 national hospitals between the year of 2005 and 2007 and excluded the AmpC enzyme positive isolates according to the PGR-DNA sequencing method and/or the antibacterial susceptibility phenotype. ESBL phenotype was confirmed by the CLSI phenotypic confirmatory test. Antibacterial susceptibility of the total 2733 Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis isolates was retrospectively analyzed by WHONET 5. 4 software according to the breakpoints of the CLSI M100-S19 (S19) and CLSI M100-S20 (S20). Second, 207 isolates of Peking Union Medical College Hospital with the results of both agar dilution method and disk diffusion method were performed by recurrent analysis. Then we observed the inter-method agreement through the scatter diagram according to the breakpoints of S19 and S20. Results First, as to the ESBL positive Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabili.s, the resistant rate of cefotaxime increased from 65.2% , 55.5%, 14. 6% under S19 (64 μg/ml) to 99. 7%, 96. 2% , 93. 8% under S20 (4 μg/ml). The susceptibility rates decreased from 6. 0%, 11.5%, 33.3% under S19 (8 μg/ml) to 0%, 0. 2%, 0% under S20 ( 1 μg/ml). Ceftriaxone had the same trend as cefotaxime. Though ceftazidime was more active than cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, as to the ESBL positive Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, the resistant rates slightly increased from 30. 3%,43. 2% under S19 (32 μg/ml) to42.0%, 56. 0% under S20 (16 μg/ml). The susceptibility rates slightly decreased from 58. 1%, 44. 1% under S19 (8 μg/ml) to 44. 7%, 28.0% under S20 (4 μg/ml). Second,as to the ESBL negative Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis, all the susceptibility rates of ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were between 99. 2%-100. 0%, the resistant rate were between 0%-0. 4%. Third, the S20 MIC breakpoints had a good correspondence with the ESBL phenotype.Fourth, according to the recurrent analysis of MIC testing and disk dilution method, r value was 0. 67,0. 79, 0. 77 for ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, respectively, and all P value were under 0. 01. The intermethod rates of S19 and S20 were both acceptable. Conclusions If the cefotaxime and ceftriaxone S20 new breakpoints were used, the concordance of antibacterial susceptibility results and ESBL phenotype would increase greatly. The clinician could select proper antibiotics according to the antibacterial susceptibility results and clinical symptoms. It is no longer necessary to edit results for cephalosporins, aztreonam, or penicillins from susceptible to resistant. However, until laboratories implement the new interpretive criteria,ESBL testing should be performed as described in Supplemental Table 2A-S1. The relationship between the new breakpoints of ceftazidime and clinical outcomes need to be further evaluated.