Objective To explore the relationship between ischemia/reperfusion (IR) and the expression ET-3 and GFAP. Methods Thirty-six adult male mice were randomly divided into three groups: ⑴ ischemia/reperfusion group(IR,n=24), bilateral common carotid arteries(BCCA) of mice were ligated for 7 minutes and reperfused for 1day,3day,5day and 10day; ⑵ a sham operation group (SO, n=6); ⑶ normal control group(NG, n=6). The ET-3 and GFAP expressions in the layers Ⅲ-Ⅵ of frontal and parietal lobes of mice in the three groups was detected by immunohistochemisty. Results The expressions of ET-3 and GFAP in the layers Ⅲ-Ⅵ of frontal and parietal lobes significantly increased in I/R group(P

ObjectiveTo explore the abilities of automatic processing,controlled processing,selective attention by Stroop color-word test in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease.Methods124 patients (aged 60-90 years) with ischemic cerebrovascular disease and 126 cases with age and civilization matched healthy people were examined by Stoop color-word test (SCWT).The SCWT indexes were compared between two groups.Results Reading time of card 1,timeconsuming and error of card 2,4 and Stroop interference effects (SIE) in SCWT had significantly decreased in the patients than in the healthy people (all P＜0.05).ConclusionsThe abilities of controlled processing and selective attention,but not automatic processing are damaged in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Objective To explore the relationship of molecular biology characteristic and the treatment outcome,and influence factors of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC).Methods The clinicopathological data of 103 IBC patients who were treated with NAC from January 2005 to June 2013 were analyzed retrospectively.Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of estrogen receptor (ER),progesteron receptor (PR),human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) and E-cadherin.The treatment outcome were evaluated.Results In 103 IBC patients,ER negative was 48 patients,PR negative was 51 patients,HER-2 positive was 45 patients,E-cadherin positive was 66 patients.The effective rate of chemotherapy was 72.8％ (75/103).The effective rate of chemotherapy in taxane-based group was significantly higher than that in anthracycline-based group [80.6％ (50/62) vs.61.0％(25/41)],and there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The effective rate of chemotherapy in ER,PR,E-cadherin negative patients was significantly higher than that in ER,PR,E-cadherin positive patients [83.3％ (40/48) vs.63.6％ (35/55),82.4％ (42/51) vs.63.5％ (33/52),83.8％ (31/37) vs.66.7％ (44/66)],and there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The effective rate of chemotherapy in taxane-based group with E-cadherin positive patients was significantly higher than that in anthracycline-based group with E-cadherin positive patients [77.5％ (31/40) vs.50.0％ (13/26)] (P ＜0.05).No correlation existed between the expression of HER-2 and the treatment outcome of chemotherapy (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion ER,PR and E-cadherin negative patients with IBC is chemosensitive to NAC.The positive expression of E-cadherin may be an important factor of chemotherapy resistance.For the patients with E-cadherin positive,taxane-based chemotherapy regimen can achieve a better effective rate.

Objectives To detect the expression and distribution of ubiquitin in neurofibrillary tangles(NFT) and senile plaque neurites in the hippocampal formation of Alzheimer's disease brain and explore the significance of ubiquitin in pathological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease.Methods The expression of ubiquitin in the hippocampal formation of 7 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 5 non-dementia elderly was detected using immunohistochemical technique.Results Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaque neuritis were labeled by the antibody of ubiquitin in hippocampal formation of Alzheimer's disease brain, but pretangle neurons were not stained. Containing NFT neurons stained by ubiqutin antibody immunoreactive products were distributed more in the CA1 and CA2 (42.13?0.65, 30.57?0.78 respectively)than those in CA3 and CA4 (12.43?0.24?18.34?0.81 respectively)of the hippocampal formation (P

Objective To explore the change in heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) level in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)and serum in patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI),and the correlation between HO-1 and the rating scale,to provide a new marker for the diagnosis of MCI.Methods The HO-1 levels in CSF and serum in 45 MCI patients (MCI group) and 85 normal cases (control group) were analyzed with sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).MMSE and MoCA scores were evaluated.Results The level of HO-1 was higher in MCI group than in control group both in CSF [(631.38±32.17)vs(480.75±17.98)ng/ L,P＜0.05],and in serum [(612.52±111.48)vs.(384.16±56.86)ng/ L,P＜0.05].The MCI and normal people HO-1 level had no significant difference between CSF group and serum group (P＞0.05).In MCI group,the levels of serum and CSF HO-1 had a positive correlation with MMSE scores (P＜0.05),but had no obvious correlation with MoCA scores (P＞0.05).In the normal group,the level of HO-1 was negatively related with MMSE scores in serum and CSF,and with MoCA scores in CSF (P＜0.05),but no obvious correlation in serum (P＞0.05).The levels of serum and CSF HO-1 had no obvious correlation with age in both groups (P＞0.05).Conclusions HO-1 concentration in both CSF and serum is significantly higher in MCI group than in normal group,and positively related with MMSE score.Thus the increase of HO-1concentration in both CSF and/or serum might be a new marker for the diagnosis of MCI.

Objective To investigate the pathways by which hypoxia aggravates the neurotoxic effects of amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) on neurons.Methods Human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y cells) were cultured in vitro,and were divided into four groups:the control group,Aβ intervention group,hypoxia group,Aβ intervention plus hypoxia group.Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) was adopted to detect the mRNA expression levels of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1),LIM kinase 1 protein (LIMK1)and cofilin.Western blot was used to measure the protein levels of PAK1,LIMK1,phosphate-LIMK1 (P-LIMK1),cofilin and phosphate-cofilin (P-cofilin).Results After Aβ treatment,the activity of SH-SY5Y cells was decreased.Compared with the control group,the protein levels of PAK1,LIMK1,P-LIMK1,P-cofilin,and the mRNA expression levels of PAK1 and LIMK1 were decreased(all P＜0.05),but the protein and mRNA expression of cofilin had no significant changes after 24 h of treatment with 10μmol/L Aβ.Compared with the Aβ intervention group,the protein levels of PAK 1,LIMK1,P-LIMK 1 and P-cofilin were decreased (all P ＜ 0.05),and the mRNA expression levels of PAK1 and LIMK1 were decreased(both P＜0.05),but the protein and mRNA expression of cofilin had no significant changes after 24 h of treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 10 μmol/L Aβ plus 2％ oxygen.Conclusions Aβ may reduce P-LIMK1 expression by inhibiting the activity of PAK1,thereby reducing the P-cofilin,increasing the formation of dephosphorylated cofilin,leading to neural cells damage,and hypoxia aggravates the neurotoxicity of Aβ through this pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect of ten-eleven translocation protein on the proliferation of human neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y and IMR 32 and the expression of amyloid precursor protein,PS1,and β site APP cleaving enzyme 1 in the absence of folic acid and possible mechanisms involved.Methods SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into the folic acid deficiency group (0 mg/L),the low folic acid group (1mg/L),and the normal control group (4mg/L).The MTT method was used to observe cell proliferation,and RT-PCR was adopted to detect the mRNA expression of APP,PS1,BACE1,DNMTs and TETs in the cells in real-time.Besides,we generated a stable low-level TET1 expression cell line,and compared the expression with that in a negative control group.Furthermore,the expression of fluorescent protein was observed by fluorescence inverted microscope,cell proliferation was measured by the MTT assay,and mRNA levels of TET1,APP,PS1,and BACE1 were detected by RT-PCR.Results (1) In the folic acid deficiency group and the low folic acid group,cell proliferation of SH-SY5Y after 120 h and of IMR-32 cell after 144 h significantly decreased (P＜0.001).The mRNA levels of APP,PS1,BACE1,DNMT1,DNMT3a,DNMT3b,TET1,TET2,and TET3 in SH-SY5Y cells increased (F=80.315,35.386,101.979,786.407,80.331,131.545,28.000,9.165,and 102.167,all P＜0.05);the mRNA levels of APP,PS1,BACE1,DNMT1,DNMT3b,TET1,TET2,and TET3 in IMR-32 cells also rose (F=12.283,93.669,40.815,157.234,24.835,147.594,54.794,and 73.068,all P＜0.05).(2) Generation of a stable low-level TET1 expression cell line:The mRNA level of TET1 in the low expression group (SH-SY5Y-shTET1) was 0.25± 0.02,which was significantly lower than that in the negative control group (1.00±0.09) (P=0.007);the mRNA level of TET1 in the low expression group (IMR-32-shTET1) was 0.28 ±0.07,significantly lower than that in the negative control group (1.00±0.01) (P=0.003).(3)The proliferative ability of the low expression groups (SH-SY5Y-shTET1 and IMR-32-shTET1) was significantly higher than that in the negative control group (P＜0.01).The mRNA levels of APP and BACE1 decreased (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05)Conclusion In the human neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y and IMR-32,folic acid deficiency up-regulates the expression of TETs,increases the expression of APP and BACE1 in the cells by TET protein demethylation,and inhibits cell growth.

Cognitive impairment can be attributed to various causes.Its main manifestations include declines in learning, memory, understanding and executive function, and may be accompanied by varying degrees of psychiatric symptoms.Dementia is characterized by progressive deterioration in multiple cognitive domains that is severe enough to interfere with daily functioning.The pathogenesis of dementia is still unclear.In addition to the mainstream Aβ amyloid cascade hypothesis, recent research increasingly points to an association of microbial dysbiosis with many brain disorders.There is a direct or indirect link between gut bacteria and the central nervous system and consequently a new concept, the gut-brain axis, has been proposed.This paper will review recent advances in research on gut microbiota and cognitive function in the past five years, aiming to provide strategies for disease prevention and treatment.

Objective To investigate the mental states of the community-dwelling elderly in Beijing ,and to explore their relationship with depression using multivariate analysis ,in order to provide evidence for strategies to prevent depression in the elderly. Methods A total of 400 community elderly residents in Chaoyang District of Beijing were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The mental states of older adults were assessed by using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS) ,the Medical Outcomes Study(Mos)36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) ,and the Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS).The correlations of the mental state with demographic data ,quality of life and social support were examined via multivariate analysis. Results Of 400 questionnaires ,364 were valid.Depression occurred in 64 older adults ,and the detection rate was 17.6% (64/364).Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that depression was closely correlated with age ( P = 0.049 ) , physiological function(P=0.009) ,vitality(P=0.028) ,mental health(P＜0.001) ,self-reported health transition(P=0.003) ,objective support(P=0.001)and subjective support(P=0.001)in community-dwelling elderly residents in Beijing.Bivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that five factors , including vitality (OR = 0.595 ,P= 0.036 ) ,mental health (OR = 0.548 ,P = 0.021 ) ,self-reported health transition(OR=1.597 ,P= 0.048) ,objective support (OR= 0.524 ,P= 0.018)and subjective support(OR=1.787 ,P=0.027) ,were influencing factors for depression in the elderly.Self-reported health transition and subjective support had the greatest impact on depression in the elderly . Conclusions Critical approaches to preventing depression in the elderly include a focus on the mental health and social needs as well as measures to enhance self-confidence in the health of these individuals.

Objective To investigate the effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) on hippocampal chemokine cys-x-cys receptor 4 (CXCR4) and interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) in rats with depression disorder.Methods The rat model of depression disorder was induced by unpredictable chronic-mild stimulation.Forty male rats were randomly divided into normal,model,EA and fluoxetine groups.Rats in EA group received electro-acupuncture at GV20 (Baihui) and GV29 (Yintang).Rats in fluoxetine group were administered with fluoxetine by oral gavage.On the 28th day,the expression of hippocampal CXCR4 and IP-10 were detected by using antibody microarrays technology.Fold change and ratio of the density of the proteins were used to investigate alteration of the differential protein expression.Results Compared with the normal group,unpredictable chronic-mild stimulation up-regulated the expression of hippocampal CXCR4 and IP-10 in model group (fold change =1.21,1.50).Compared with the model group,EA and fluoxetine reversed the up-regulation of hippocampal CXCR4 and IP-10 (EA group:fold change =0.65,0.72;fluoxetine group:fold change =0.57,0.62).Conclusion Effects of electro-acupuncture on depression disorder may be achieved by regulating the expression of hippocampal CXCR4 and IP-10.