Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Guangxi from 2012 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the incidence data of mumps in Guangxi from 2012 to 2024. Results A total of 159 873 mumps cases were reported from 2012 to 2024 in Guangxi, with an average annual reported incidence of 25.41/100 000, and no death. Mumps occurred every month, with the peak incidence mainly concentrated in April to July and October to January of the next year. There were 96,118 male cases (29.43 /100 000), and 63 755 female cases (21.07 /100 000). The male to female ratio was 1.40:1, and the difference between male and female was significant (χ²=4 321.276，P＜0.05). The annual incidence of mumps showed a certain periodic change, with the incidence peak and trough alternating every 4 - 5 years. The majority of patients were under 15 years old, accounting for 85.32% of the total number of cases. The patients mainly included students, preschool children and scattered children. The highest average incidence was in Nanning City with 40 231 cases (42.08/100 000), and the lowest was in Qinzhou City with 3 466 cases (8.16/100 000). From 2012 to 2024, a total of 210 mumps outbreaks with 4 483 cases were reported in Guangxi. Conclusion The incidence of mumps in Guangxi from 2012 to 2024 shows a periodic change and obvious seasonality. People under 15 years old are the key group at risk of mumps. The prevention and control of the epidemic of mumps in schools and kindergartens should be strengthened. It is suggested to carry out long-term monitoring of mumps as well as immune effect research, and continue to maintain a high vaccination rate of 2 doses of mumps-containing vaccines.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, causing dementia and affecting millions of individuals. One prominent characteristic in the brains of AD patients is glucose hypometabolism. In the context of galactose metabolism, intracellular glucose levels are heightened. Galactose mutarotase (GALM) plays a crucial role in maintaining normal galactose metabolism by catalyzing the conversion of β-D-galactose into α-D-galactose (α-D-G). The latter is then converted into glucose-6-phosphate, improving glucose metabolism levels. However, the involvement of GALM in AD progression is still unclear. In the present study, we found that the expression of GALM was significantly increased in AD patients and model mice. Genetic knockdown of GALM using adeno-associated virus did not change the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and APP-cleaving enzymes including a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and presenilin-1 (PS1). Interestingly, genetic overexpression of GALM reduced APP and Aβ deposition by increasing the maturation of ADAM10, although it did not alter the expression of BACE1 and PS1. Further electrophysiological and behavioral experiments showed that GALM overexpression significantly ameliorated the deficits in hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning and memory in AD model mice. Importantly, direct α-D-G (20 mg/kg, i.p.) also inhibited Aβ deposition by increasing the maturation of ADAM10, thereby improving hippocampal CA1 LTP and spatial learning and memory in AD model mice. Taken together, our results indicate that GALM shifts APP processing towards α-cleavage, preventing Aβ generation by increasing the level of mature ADAM10. These findings indicate that GALM may be a potential therapeutic target for AD, and α-D-G has the potential to be used as a dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Animals ; ADAM10 Protein/metabolism* ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology* ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Mice ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism* ; Male ; Mice, Transgenic ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism* ; Cognitive Dysfunction/pathology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism* ; Female ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Long-Term Potentiation/physiology*

Objective To explore the correlation between the total burden of cerebral small vessel disease and poor prognosis of branch atheromatous disease(BAD)in elderly patients.Methods A total of 114 BAD patients admitted to Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital between January 2021 and March 2023 were enrolled,and according to mRS score at 90 d after onset,they were divided into a good prognosis group(mRS score ≤2,67 cases)and a poor prognosis group(mRS score＞2,47 cases).The clinical and imaging characteristics were analyzed,and the relationship between total cerebral small vessel disease burden and clinical prognosis of BAD was investigated using lo-gistic regression analysis.ROC curve analysis was used to determine the threshold of the total cere-bral small vessel disease burden for predicting adverse outcomes and to evaluate its sensitivity and specificity.Results The good prognosis group had younger age,smaller proportion of diabetes,lower SBP,NIHSS score at admission and white matter hyperintensities,and reduced ratio of cerebral microbleeds than the poor prognosis group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Statistical difference was observed in the total cerebral small vessel disease burden between the two groups(P＜0.01).Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the total cerebral small vessel disease burden score and NIHSS score at admission were independent predicators of poor prognosis in BAD patients(OR=3.350,95％CI:1.439-7.798,P=0.005;OR=2.814,95％CI:1.586-4.993,P=0.001).ROC curve analysis indicated that the total cerebral small vessel disease burden had a cut-off val-ue of 1.5,and the sensitivity and specificity for predicting poor prognosis was 63.8％and 86.6％,respectively,for BAD patients.Conclusion The total cerebral small vessel disease burden is an in-dependent predictor for poor prognosis of BAD patients.

Objective Pertussis cases have increased markedly since 2018 in Guangxi.The aim of this study was to evaluate antibody levels and the infection status of pertussis in the resident population. Method A total of 10,215 serum samples from residents were collected from August-November 2018 and tested for anti-pertussis IgG and toxin IgG using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Results Of the collected samples,1,833(17.94%)tested positive for anti-pertussis IgG,with the median concentration of 16.06 IU/mL.Antibody level<10 IU/mL accounted for more than 60%in children under 4 years of age,but declined with age,whereas the percentages of the other three levels(10-40,40-50,and≥50 IU/mL)increased almost with age(P<0.001).Moreover,7,924 samples were selected for anti-pertussis toxin IgG,of which 653(8.24%)tested positive(≥40 IU/mL)with the median concentration of 5.89 IU/mL,and 204 participants(2.56%)had recent pertussis infection(≥100 IU/mL).Among the different age groups,the highest rates of positivity and recent infection were observed at 11-20 years of age,the lowest positivity rate at 5 years of age,and the lowest recent infection rate at 4 years of age(P<0.001,P=0.005,respectively). Conclusion The survey results showed that all age groups in Guangxi lacked immunity against pertussis,which was one of the main factors contributing to the resurgence of pertussis in 2018.In addition,the prevalence of pertussis is relatively high in Guangxi,and its incidence is seriously underestimated,especially in adolescents and adults.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of Guizhi Tongluo Tablets(GZTLP)on improving atherosclerosis in APOE knockout mice by regulating neutrophil extracellular trapping nets(NETs).Methods After modeling,24 APOE knockout mice aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into 4 groups:GZTLP high-dose group,low-dose group,model control group and normal control group,with 6 mice in each group.GZTLP was given 1.87 mg·g-1 and 0.47 mg·g-1 intragastric administration in high-dose group and low-dose group,respectively.The normal control group and model control group were given 0.9%sodium chloride solution intragastric administration for 6 weeks,and the lipid plaque deposition in aorta was observed by gross oil red O staining.Lipid deposition in aortic root was observed by oil red O staining.The pathological changes of lipid plaques in aortic root were observed by HE staining.The levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α)in peripheral blood of mice were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The expression of lymphocyte antigen 6G(Ly6G),myeloperoxidase(MPO)and citrulinated histone(Cit-H3)in plaques of the aortic arch and the colocalization of Ly6G,MPO and Cit-H3 were detected by immunofluorescence assay.Results Compared with the normal control group,the aorta of mice in the model control group showed serious lipid plaque deposition,morphological damage,and a large number of inflammatory cells infiltration,the contents of serum inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α were increased,and the protein expressions of Ly6G,Cit-H3 and MPO were significantly increased.Compared with model control group,GZTLP group reduced the amount of lipid plaque deposition in aorta,the arrangement of aortic cells was more regular,the inflammatory cell infiltration was improved,and the contents of serum inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly decreased(P<0.05).The colocalization and the protein expression of Ly6G,MPO and Cit-H3 were significantly decreased in aortic tissues(P<0.01).Conclusions GZTLP can improve atherosclerosis,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of neutrophil extracellular trapping nets.

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a key effector molecule in anti-tumor immune response, has been well documented to correlate with the intratumoral infiltration of immune cells. Of interest, however, a high level of IFN-γ has been reported in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC), which is actually a type of immunologically cold cancer with few infiltrated immune cells. Investigating the functional significance of IFN-γ in SACC would help to explain such a paradoxical phenomenon. In the present study, we revealed that, compared to oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (a type of immunologically hot cancer), SACC cells were less sensitive to the growth-inhibition effect of IFN-γ. Moreover, the migration and invasion abilities of SACC cells were obviously enhanced upon IFN-γ treatment. In addition, our results revealed that exposure to IFN-γ significantly up-regulated the level of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on SACC cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), which subsequently induced the apoptosis of CD8⁺ T cells through antagonizing PD-1. Importantly, it was also found that SACC patients with higher levels of plasma IFN-γ also had higher levels of circulating sEVs that carried PD-L1 on their surface. Our study unveils a mechanism that IFN-γ induces immunosuppression in SACC via sEV PD-L1, which would account for the scarce immune cell infiltration and insensitivity to immunotherapy.
B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism* ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology* ; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/pathology* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Immunosuppression Therapy ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology* ; Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism* ; Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology*

Objective:To study the influence of different feeding patterns on mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in pregnant women with high viral loads who received antiviral medication during pregnancy to the day of delivery.Methods:This prospective cohort study was conducted in Beijing You'an Hospital. From January 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020, and 574 pregnant women with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA>2×10 5 IU/ml were enrolled. All participants received tenofovir, telbivudine, lamivudine, or propofol tenofovir from 24-28 weeks of gestation and discontinued on the day of delivery, and their neonates were postnatally given routine passive-active immunoprophylaxis. Based on the feeding patterns, the subjects were divided into three groups: breastfeeding ( n=257), bottle-feeding ( n=241) and mixed feeding groups ( n=76). The follow-up data were obtained from liver functions and HBV DNA level of the mothers at 6-8 weeks postpartum and HBV serological markers of infants at 7-12 months. One-way ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls, Chi-square test or Fisher exact test, and repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Results:The average maternal HBV DNA levels before antiviral treatment did not differ significantly between the three groups [(7.90±0.67), (7.82±0.70), (7.83±0.70) log 10 IU/ml, F=0.912, P>0.05]. HBV DNA level before delivery in the mixed feeding group was slightly lower than that in the breastfeeding and bottle-feeding group [(3.87 ±1.08) vs (4.21±1.17) and (4.30±1.28) log 10 IU/ml, q= 3.052 and 3.831, both P<0.05], while the comparison between the latter two groups showed no significant differences ( P>0.05). After delivery, HBV DNA level in the bottle-feeding group was slightly lower than that in the breastfeeding group [(7.42±0.93) vs (7.69±0.90) log 10 IU/ml, q=4.583, P<0.05]. Among 580 infants (including six pairs of twins), only one bottle-fed infant (0.4%, 1/243) was infected with HBV through MTCT, and none in the breastfeeding or mixed feeding group ( P=0.553). Conclusions:For pregnant women with high viral loads of HBV who have received antiviral medication during pregnancy, although HBV DNA level will rebound after discontinuation upon delivery, breastfeeding is recommended considering it does not increase the risk of MTCT.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Guangxi from 2011 to 2019, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating effective prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the incidence data of mumps in Guangxi from 2011 to 2019. Results From 2011 to 2019, a total of 146,132 cases of mumps were reported in Guangxi, with an average annual incidence rate of 34.23 /100 000. There were 88,919 male cases (60.85%) and 57,213 female cases (39.15%). The incidence rate decreased from 62.26/100 000 in 2011 to 16.46/100 000 in 2015, and increased from 18.60/100 000 in 2016 to 46.90/100 000 in 2019. There were seasonal variations in the incidence, with the incidence peaks occurring from April to July and from October to the following January. 85.39% of cases were under 15 years of age, and 76.82% of cases were among kindergarteners or school children. A total of 228 mumps outbreaks were reported during 2011-2019，including 5,347 cases, accounting for 3.66% of the total cases. The incidence rates of mumps in Nanning (56.09/100 000), Hechi (48.26/100 000), Liuzhou (46.77/100 000), Baise (46.34/100 000) and Fangchenggang (40.68/100,000) were relatively higher than other places. Conclusion The mumps incidence is on an upward trend in Guangxi since 2015-2019, occurring mainly in older children or students. It is suggested to adhere to the second dose of mumps containing vaccine for kindergarten and school children and strengthen the surveillance and outbreak control of mumps in schools.

Objective:To analyze the safety and efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty combined with interstitial implantation 125I of seeds (PVPI) in the treatment of thoracic vertebroplasty with posterior vertebra defect. Methods:A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 64 patients with thoracic spine metastases admitted to Yunnan Cancer Hospital from November 2017 to May 2019 was conducted, including 32 patients with posterior vertebra defect (experimental group) and 32 cases without (control group). Forty-two vertebral bodies of 32 patients in the experimental group were treated with improved PVPI surgery, which performed with the secondary sealing method and inclined puncture needle injection bone cement rotary filling technology, to reduce leakage. The 54 vertebral bodies of 32 patients in control group underwent PVPI. The two groups of patients were followed up on the second day, one month, three months and six months after the operation, and the short-term efficacy, long-term efficacy and safety indicators of the two groups were compared.Results:All 64 patients successfully completed the surgical treatment. The visual analogue scores and Karnofsky scores of the experimental group and the control group were improved to varying degrees on the second day, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after the operation. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). The amount of bone cement in the experimental group and control group was (2.36±0.20) ml and (2.39±0.17) ml, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.482). The amount of 125I seed implantation was (30.63±0.91) and (32.56±0.68), respectively, the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.925). The partial response rates of the study group and the control group were 81.3% and 87.5%, the stable disease rates were 12.5% and 9.4%, the differences were not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The median overall survival (mOS) of the study group was 13 months, and the median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 8 months. The mOS of the control group was 14 months, and the mPFS was 8 months. The differences were not statistically significant ( P>0.05). In the experimental group, 6 (14.3%) vertebral bodies had cement leakage, of which 2 (4.8%) were cement leakage at posterior vertebra, 4 (9.5%) were paravertebral cement leakage. Seven (13.0%) paravertebral cement leakage occurred in the control group. There was no significant difference in bone cement leakage between the two groups ( P=0.097). Bone cement leakage in both groups did not cause serious complications such as spinal cord injury and paraplegia. Conclusion:The application of PVPI in the treatment of thoracic metastatic tumor patients with posterior vertebra defect can acquire better clinical efficacy and safety through conduction of the improved intraoperative technology and paying more attention to the control of bone cement distribution and other issues.