The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different posts on the fracture mechanics of endodontically-treated teeth with open apex. Forty-eight human maxillary anterior teeth were collected, and the root was transversely sectioned 12 mm under the cementoenamal junction (CEJ). These samples were then randomly divided into two groups, i.e., minor diameter open apex root (group A) and major diameter open apex root (group B), with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) placed into the apical 4 mm in the root canals. Subsequently, both groups were respectively further divided into three subgroups as follows: fiber-post (subgroup 1), metal post (subgroup 2) and non-post (subgroup 3) group. Teeth were restored with a composite resin crown and tested by using a universal testing machine at the rate of 1 mm/min cross-head. Values of the maximum fracture resistance and failure patterns were recorded and compared among all subgroups. In addition, the changes of MTA properties were carefully examined via X-ray photography. Our results indicate that (1) In group A, the mean value of fracture resistance for teeth restored with fiber posts were statistically higher than that with either metal post or non-post; (2) In group B, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean value of fracture resistance among three subgroups; (3) No statistical significance in the mean value of fracture resistance was found between group A and group B; (4) The failure modes of most samples (58%) were irreparable; (5) MTA in two teeth developed cracks after loading tests. In conclusion, endodontically-treated teeth restored with fiber posts are more resistant to fracture than those restored with either metal posts or non-post, and most of the fracture modes are catastrophic in nature.

Objective To analyze the phenotype and genatics in a Chinese family with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease(EOFAD). Methods Peripheral blood were collected in available members in the family and genomic DNA was extracted. PCR-sequencing of exon 16 and exon 17 of the amyloid precursor protein(APP) gene, presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) was performed. Results At age 40, two EOFAD patients (siblings) in the family developed an insidious onset of difficulties in memory. One ( Ⅱ3 in the pedigree) showed blinking. The other ( Ⅱ 5 ) showed irritability and bradykinesia.Progressive diffuse coritcal atrophy in bilateral temporal cortex was observed. Moderate diffuse cerebral dysfunction was observed in Ⅱ3 by the electroencephalogram study and neuropsychological assessments.Sequencing revealed that both patients were heterozygous for a mutation c. 2343 G ＞ A in exon 17 of APP,causing the amino acid substitution Val715Met. Four members ( Ⅱ1, Ⅱ 3, Ⅱ 5 and Ⅲ1 ) were homozygous for ApoE ε4 allele. Ⅱ9 was ε2/ε4. Conclusions This study identified a mutation, Val715Met in the APP gene in Chinese patients with EOFAD. We suggest screening for APP gene mutations in Chinese patients with EOFAD.

BACKGROUND:Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have became the hot topic in current studies and play an important role in the tumorigenesis. However, lncRNAs involved in the osteoblast differentiation remain poorly reported.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of human LncRNAs in osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 and explore action mechanism.
METHODS:The induction of bone morphogenetic protein-2 was validated by alkaline phosphatase staining and the expression of corresponding genes was detected. The lncRNA expression profile was analyzed using the Arraystar lncRNA array in C3H10T1/2 MSCs undergoing early osteoblast differentiation. The expression with or without bone morphogenetic protein-2 induction was compared with high-flux sequencing, and the down-regulated genes were screened. The effect of lncRNA overexpression on osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 was observed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The bone morphogenetic protein-2 induced C3H10T1/2 cells led to increased alkaline phosphatase activity. After 72 hours of bone morphogenetic protein-2 induction, alkaline phosphatase, Id1,osteocalcin, Runx2, sp7 expression were increased (P<0.05). There were 24 down-regulated lncRNAs identified between bone morphogenetic protein-2 treated and untreated groups, the decrease of expression was 1.5 folds, and among them, only AK035085 contained intron. Compared with control group with no AK03508 expression, over-expression lncRNA AK035085 decreased the expression of alkaline phosphatase, Id1, osteocalcin, Runx2, sp7 (P<0.05). Experimental findings indicate that bone morphogenetic protein-2 induces osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells and AK035085 inhibits the osteogenic differentiation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of adductor spasmodic dysphonia phonatory break in mandarin Chinese and select the stimuli phrases. METHOD: Thirty-eight patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia were involved in this study. Standard phrase " fù mŭ xīn" and a speech corpus in mandarin Chinese with 229 syllables covering all vowel and constant of mandarin Chinese were selected. Every patient read the phrases above twice in normal speed and comfortable voice. Two auditory perpetual speech pathologists marked phonatory break syllables respectively. The frequency of phonatory break syllables and their located phrases were calculated, rated and described. The phrases including the most phonatory break syllables were selected as stimuli phrases, the phonatory break frequency of which was also higher than that of standard phrase "fù mŭ xīn". RESULT: Phonatory break happened in the reading of all patients. The average number of phonatory break syllables was 14 (3-33). Phonatroy break occurred when saying 177 (77.3%) syllables in the speech corpus. The syllables "guŏ, rén, zāng, diàn, chē, gè, guăn, a, bā, ne, de" broke in 23.1%-41.0% patients. These syllables belonged to the phrases "pĭng guŏ, huŏ chē, shì de, nĭ shì gè hăo rén, wŏ mén shì yŏu zŏng shì bă qĭn shì nong dé hĕn zāng, wŏ mén nà biān yŏu wăng qiú yùn dong chăng, cān gŭan, jiŭ bā hé yī gè miàn bāo dìan, tā shì duō me kāng kăi a,wŏ yīng gāi zài xìn lĭ xiĕ yī xiē shén mē ne?". Thirty-seven patients (97.3%) had phonatory break in above mentioned words. Ratios of these words phonatory break also were more than "fù mŭ xīn". CONCLUSION Adductor spasmodic dysphonic patients exhibited different degrees of phonatory break in mandarine Chinese. The phrases" shì de, pĭng guŏ, huŏ chē, nĭ shì gè hăo rén, wŏ mén nà biān yŏu wăng qiú yùn dong chăng, cān gŭan, jiŭ bā hé yī gè miàn bāo dìan, tā shì duō me kāng kăi a" were recommended as stimuli phrases for adductor spasmodic dysphonia evaluation.
Dysphonia ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; Phonation ; Spasm ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Voice

Objective To establish cell model of Parkinson's disease(PD)and to approach the toxic effect of rotenone on dopaminergic neurons and its mechanism.Methods PC12 cells were differentiated into dopaminergic neurons and treated with various concentrations of rotenone.The morphological changes of PC12 cells were observed after treated with rotenone(0,10,25,50,75,and 100 nmol?L-1)for 24,48 and 72 h,the cell viability was measured by MTT assay.Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to observe the accumulation of ?-synuclein in cytoplasm.AO/EB double staining was also adopted to test apoptosis.Results After differentiation PC12 cells shaped irregularly with big and long ecptomas and multiple cell conjunctions.After the treatment of rotenone cell ecptomas vanished gradually and cell bodies became smaller and smoother.The cell viability began to decline significantly at a concentration of 50 nmol?L-1 for 24 h(P

Objective To investigate mutations of CSMD3 gene in a pedigree of familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy (FCMTE).Methods Peripheral blood (5 ml) was obtained from FCMTE patients (7 cases),suspected cases,and control individuals.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and purification of PCR products for sequencing were used to detect the existence of mutations in 73 exons of gene CSMD3.The resulting products were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and gel-imaging system.The PCR amplification products were sequenced.Results The sequencing results of 73 exons were compared with CSMD3gDNA sequence in human GenBank.We neither found any DNA sequence variation nor disease-related mutations.Conclusions The family does not have a mutation in the CSMD3 gene.We need to further find the disease genes and the mutations in this family.

BACKGROUND:Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) regulates a series of physiological processes and it is considered to play important roles in the gene regulation of development, differentiation and metabolism. MC3T3-E1, C2C12 and C3H10T1/2 cells are able to differentiate into different celllineages, such as bone cells and muscle cells, and they can be used in the study of musculoskeletal diseases.
OBJECTIVE:To study the role of lncRNA in osteogenic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 2.
METHODS:Osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1, C2C12 and C3H10T1/2 cells was induced by bone morphogenetic protein 2, and microarray expression profiling of lncRNA was undertaken in osteogenic differentiation. LncRNA simultaneous changes in three cells were found out. The siRNA interference of the lncRNA was used to study its effects on the osteogenic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 2. Real-time PCR and alkaline phosphatase staining were applied to detect osteogenesis related indicators.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the process of osteogenic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 2, osteogenic differentiation indicators were increased, while myogenic differentiation indicator myogenin was reduced. LncRNA AK007000 was screened out to play a role in osteogenic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 2. Knockdown of lncRNA AK007000 decreased the expression of osteogenic differentiation indicators, while increased the expression of myogenin. Therefore, AK007000 may play a role in promoting osteogenic differentiation and inhibiting myogenic differentiation.

BACKGROUND:A series of studies indicate that autophagy is closely linked with differentiation. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is the classical pathway for C2C12 and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast differentiation, and the ideal model to study osteogenic differentiation process.
OBJECTIVE:To observe the relationship between autophagy and BMP-2-induced celllines C2C12, MC3T3-E1 osteoblast differentiation.
METHODS:Real-Time PCR was applied to detect osteogenic differentiation and autophagy related index after C2C12 and MC3T3-E1 were induced with BMP-2 (100μg/L) for 72 hours. The osteogenic index alkaline phosphatase in BMP-2-induced MC3T3-E1 and C2C12 cultured with different concentrations of 3-methyladenine (0, 1, 5, 10 mmol/L) was determined with alkaline phosphatase staining. Western blot analysis was applied to detect LC3-I/II expression levels in C2C12 and MC3T3-E1 induced with BMP-2 for different time points (0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours).
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The autophagy-related mRNA and protein expression showed an increasing tendency and autophagy-related protein LC3 levels was increased, which was associated with the time, during the BMP-2-induced celllines C2C12, MC3T3-E1 osteoblast differentiation. Meanwhile, alkaline phosphatase expression levels were inhibited by autophagy in the process of osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, there is a close relationship between autophagy and the BMP-2-induced celllines C2C12, MC3T3-E1 osteoblast differentiation.

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different posts on the fracture mechanics of endodontically-treated teeth with open apex.Forty-eight human maxillary anterior teeth were collected,and the root was transversely sectioned 12 mm under the cementoenamal junction (CEJ).These samples were then randomly divided into two groups,i.e.,minor diameter open apex root (group A) and major diameter open apex root (group B),with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) placed into the apical 4 mm in the root canals.Subsequently,both groups were respectively further divided into three subgroups as follows:fiber-post (subgroup 1),metal post (subgroup 2) and non-post (subgroup 3) group.Teeth were restored with a composite resin crown and tested by using a universal testing machine at the rate of 1 mm/min cross-head.Values of the maximum fracture resistance and failure patterns were recorded and compared among all subgroups.In addition,the changes of MTA properties were carefully examined via X-ray photography.Our results indicate that (1) In group A,the mean value of fracture resistance for teeth restored with fiber posts were statistically higher than that with either metal post or non-post; (2) In group B,there was no statistically significant difference in the mean value of fracture resistance among three subgroups; (3) No statistical significance in the mean value of fracture resistance was found between group A and group B; (4) The failure modes of most samples (58％) were irreparable; (5) MTA in two teeth developed cracks after loading tests.In conclusion,endodontically-treated teeth restored with fiber posts are more resistant to fracture than those restored with either metal posts or non-post,and most of the fracture modes are catastrophic in nature.

Teaching evaluation is an important part of the whole teaching process. In view of the shortcomings of the traditional final assessment, formative assessment has received wide attention from the education community with its characteristics of diverse assessing subjects, diverse assessment contents and diverse assessment tools. This paper introduces formative assessment into flipped classroom, and tries to construct formative assessment index system, which may provide the theoretical basis for the implementation of formative assessment in flipped classroom.