OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the reform of the postgraduate training mode of pharmaceutical professional degree. METHODS:Domestic literatures about postgraduate training mode of pharmaceutical professional degree from 2010 to 2013 were searched and combined with the current education situation in China to conclude and summarize the existing problems and reform strategy. RESULTS:Postgraduate education mode of pharmaceutical professional degree in China was still in the explor-atory stage,with shortage of teachers,unreasonable courses,unsound educational structure,nonsupport of the students,imperfec-tion evaluation systems,and so on. Further promoting the reform of postgraduate education mode needs to strengthen teacher teams ’construction,implement cooperative training;improve training program and teaching courses;strengthen dissertation applica-tion-oriented and practice base construction;fully mobilize the enthusiasm and motivation of students;promote the connection of pharmaceutical professional training and vocational qualifications;and improve the quality assurance systems. CONCLUSIONS:Further implementation of postgraduate training mode of pharmaceutical professional degree and postgraduate education of pharma-ceutical professional degree can train the applied talents that meet social needs,improve employment rate of postgraduates and re-duce waste of educational resources.

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility, safety and validity of the early enteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis(SAP). Methods: 15 patients of SAP during April 2002 and June 2003 had received early enteral nutrition through naso jejunal tube. The nutrition and immune index and the rates of complications were analyzed. Results: 2～3 days after nutrition tube placed to stomach, the tube heads in 11 cases reached the jejunum automatically, while 3 cases needed the help of X ray and 1 case needed the help of gastroscopy. All of 15 cases tolerated the enteral nutrition well, and there was no relapse of SAP. The nutrition and immune measurement were improved after 2 weeks' enteral nutrition, without infection of pancreatic necrosis. Conclusions: It is safe, efficient and feasible of the early enteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis(SAP) through naso jejunal tube. Early enteral nutrition can improve the nutrition, immune function and prognosis.

Objective To investigate the application value of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression in diagnosing colorectal cancer (CRC).Methods One hundred and thirty inpatients with CRC in our hospital from February 2015 to November 2016 were selected and divided into 90 cases of CRC confirmed by operation and histopathology(CRC group),including intestinal cancer with and without metastasis,and 40 cases of benign colorectal diseases(colonrectal benign disease group),at the same time 40 persons undergoing physical examination were selected as the healthy control group.The levels of TNF-α,carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 724 were collected in all subjects.The data of various groups were not normally distributed,and the nonparametric statistical method was used to analyze and compare.Results Serum TNF-α level in clinical TNM stage Ⅱ(median 9.47 pg/mL),Ⅲ(9.95 pg/mL) and Ⅳ(9.67 pg/mL) of the CRC group was significantly higher than that in TNM stage Ⅰ(6.59 pg/mL);which in the CRC with metastasis group (9.95 pg/mL) was higher than 8.03 pg/mL in CRC without metastasis group,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05);the TNF-α expression had no obvious difference among different ages and between different genders(P>0.05).The area under the ROC curve in each test index:TNF-α was 0.868,CEA was 0.912,CA724 was 0.523,and which of their joint detection was 0.940.Conclusion The expression of TNF-α is increased in the occurrence and development process of CRC,its serum level detection has certain clinical application value,the TNF-α expression has no obvious difference in the subjects with different ages and different sexes and has wide suitability.The combine detection of serum TNF-α,CEA and CA724 in the patients with CRC significantly increases the level,the combined detection of 3-index can have complementary advantages to increase the sensitivity of CRC diagnosis,which serve as the significant indexes in CRC early diagnosis,therapeutic effect evaluation and prognosis monitoring.

ObjectiveTo investigate the cause,diagnosis and treatment measures of neonatal pneumothorax.MethodsThe clinical data of 98 cases with neonatal pneumothorax in our hospital from Mar 2005 to Mar 2010 were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsThere were 27 premature neonates and 71 full-term neonates in the 98 cases.Ten cases were spontaneous pneumothorax and 88 cases were non spontaneous pneumothorax.After the treatnent of primary disease,pleural aspiration,chest drainage and mechanical ventilation,88 cases were cured,8 cases were improved and 2 cases died.ConclusionNeonatal pneumothorax is related with cesarean section,improper use of endotracheal intubation,meconium aspiration,premature hyaline membrane disease using pulmonary surfactant and ventilator therapy.Most pneumothorax is due to lung disease.The prevention of preterm birth and asphyxia can reduce the incidence of neonatal pneumothorax.

Objective To discuss the resection technique for pancreatic carcinoma in patients with tumour(invasion) to the portal and/or superior mesentery vein,and the clinical significance of palliative resection of pancreatic carcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 71 cases of pancreatic carcinoma operated on within a period of 3 years were retrospectively reviewed.In patients with tumour invasion to the portal vein,a method of direc transection of pancreas was used in resection of the tumor,and was combined with local radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Results The resection rate was 57.75%.The complication rate was 22.54%.One patient died of multiple organ failure resulting from pneumonia.The survival rate at 6m,1-and 2-years was 100%,81.69%,and 40.85% respectively.Conclusions The direct transection method of pancreas(resection) is a simple and safe method to increase resection rate and prolong survival time for patients with(advanced) pancreatic carcinoma.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and value of white blood cell(WBC) count during influenza diagnosis.Methods Compare with leukocyte count and its classification,clinical features between 38 cases of influenza A and 55 cases of influenza B patients.Results The follow results have were significant difference between these two group(P<0.05):The WBC content (WBC),neutrophil count (NEUT),lymphocyte(LYMPH) count and platelet (PLT).In both group,WBC were mostly in normal range.However,WBC and NEUT% in the group A were 15.79% and 34.21%,higher than the B group 7.27%,25.45%.Additionaly,WBC and NEUT% in upper respiratory tract infection group were 59.26% and 66.67%,higher than the normal ranger,and group influenza A flow patients with higher proportion for headache and crackles,were 47.36% and 52.63%,respectively(P<0.05).Conclusion The WBC count and its classification have significant difference between influenza A and B.Furthermore,patients with influenza A virus are more likely to have co-infection with bacteria.

Objective To assess the renal protective effects of triptolide treatment in type 2 diabetic rats and its possible mechanisms.Methods Wistar rats were randomized to receive following approach control (n=7),dia- betic model without treatment (n=7) and diabetic group treated with triptolide[200 ?g/(kg?d),n=7].Plasma glucose (PG),serum creatinine (Scr),total cholesterin (TC),triglyeride (TG),kidney mass (KM),index number of kidney hypertrophy (KM/body mass,KM/BM),and 24 hours urinary albumin (24 h UAL) were determined. The protein expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1),osteopontin (OPN) and ED-1 in renal tissue were determined by immunohistochemical technique.The mRNA expressions of MCP-1 and OPN in kidney tissue were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results Elevated 24 h UAL was markedly attenuated by triptolide treatment [24 h UAL,triptolide:2.32?0.29 vs diabetic model group:3.89? 0.51 mg/mgCr,P

Adult ; Biopsy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Male ; Melanoma ; diagnosis ; pathology

Objective To investigate whether the accelerator image beam line (IBL) full scan and extend field of view(EFOV) scan mode megavoltage cone beam CT(MV CBCT) images can be used for dose calculation in adaptive radiotherapy.Methods The large aperture CT and MV CBCT were used to scan the CIRS 062M electron density modules,the CT value was established to electron density curves in the Pinnacle treatment planning system.Also,CT and MV CBCT were used to scan the head and neck,chest,abdomen and pelvis phantom.The intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) plans were made with CT images and transplanted to MV CBCT images.The dose of targets and organs with their electron density curves was calculated,and two type IMRT plans with different CT images were compared.Results The dose distribution of head and neck phantom was acceptable,compared with the reference plan,the difference was within 3 ％.The dose distribution of chest and.pelvis was significantly reduced from reference plans,and the difference was 5％ and 10％ separately.This difference was beyond the scope of clinical acceptance.Conclusions MV CBCT images of accelerator IBL full scan mode in patients with head and neck site scan could be used for dose calculation in adaptive radiotherapy,chest and pelvic sites in EFOV mode scanning MV CBCT images could only be used for image guidance.

Objective To investigate dosimetric advantage of fixed field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (FF-IMRT),volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and helical tomotherapy (HT) for cervix uteri cancer.Methods CT datasets of ten patients with cervix uteri cancer were enrolled in the study.FF-IMRT,VMAT and HT plans were designed on Eclipse and HT treatment planning system.Plans were optimized with the aim to assess OAR while enforcing highly conformal target coverage.Institutional dose-volume constraints used in cervix uteri cancer were kept the same for three techniques.The different of three plan was play by single factor analysis of variance and compared to two groups by LSD method.Results All FF-IMRT,VMAT and HT resulted in equivalent target coverage but HT had an improved homogeneity index (P =0.000) and conformity index (P =0.000),or PTV of 105％ prescription dose (47.12％,45.83％ and 0.05％,P=0.000) and lowest Dmax dose (54.53 Gy,53.65 Gy,52.69 Gy,P=0.000).Compared with FF-IMRT and VMAT,the bladder V40 and Dmax of HT were lowest (50.01％,46.84％,42.98％,P=0.001 and 54.49 Gy,52.96 Gy,52.78 Gy,P=0.000),with the rectum V40 lowest (54.61％,48.34％,46.78％,P =0.006),the intestine Dmax lowest (54.53 Gy,53.65 Gy,52.66 Gy,P =0.000) and marrow Dmax lowest (54.51 Gy,54.44 Gy,52.13 Gy,P=0.000).But the delivery MU per fraction were highest (1429.20 MU,617.80 MU,7002.04 MU,P =0.000).Conclusions HT technology is feasible for clinical applications in cervical uteri cancer and can be used as a new method to promote.