Majority of experimental and clinical studies have shown a pro-tumoral function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) which occupy a large part in matrix cells. TAMs promote tumor cell invasion and migration, and their number is related to malignant degree and poor prognosis. Macrophages plasticity makes it possible to change the tumor microenvironment and remodel tumor immune in cancer immunotherapy. Increasing researches have revealed the TAMs' effect on tumor microenvironment and put forward tumor immune treatments aiming at TAMs. Here this review presents the recent research of TAMs in remodeling tumor immune microenvironment and immune targeted therapies, such as the origin of TAMs, the immunosuppression effect of TAMs on tumor microenvironment, tumor extracellular matrix remodeling, and promotion of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis Copyright © 2013 by TUMOR.

Objective To investigate effects of CO_2 pneumoperitoneum on cytokines and peritoneal macrophages in a rat model with implanted liver tumor.Methods A total of 32 Wistar rats with implanted liver tumor were randomly divided into 4 groups((n=8)): Control Group(anesthesia only),Laparotomy Group,Gasless Group(gasless laparoscopy),and Pneumoperitoneum Group(laparoscopy under CO_2 pneumoperitoneum).Serum samples were collected at the 2nd and 24th hours after the procedure respectively for the detection of levels of interleukin-1?(IL-1?) and interleukin-6(IL-6).Samples of peritoneal macrophages were collected and incubated for the detection of levels of tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?),a product of macrophages.Results At the 2nd and 24th hours after surgery,levels of serum IL-6 in the Laparotomy Group(57.92?2.06 pg/ml and 35.49?1.15 pg/ml) were significantly greater than those in the Pneumoperitoneum Group(14.64?0.34 pg/ml and 15.39?0.86 pg/ml),the Gasless Group(24.75?1.53 pg/ml and 17.10?0.97 pg/ml),and the Control Group(17.75?1.60 pg/ml and 14.55?0.25 pg/ml)(P

Objective:The causes, management, and prevention of complications in laparoscopic gyneco-logic surgery were investigated. Methods:A retrospective analysis was done based on clinical data of 8279 cases of laparoscopic gynecologic surgery from January 1996 to December 2008 in this hospital. Results:The complication rate was 0.88% (73/8279). These included five cases intraperitoneal bleeding, five cases injury of ureter, 20 cases abdominal vessel damage, 10 cases vulva emphysema, 25 cases wound healing delay and each one case respectively for stomach injury, bladder injury, secondary abdominal cavity preg-nancy,infection and incision hernia. The occurrence rates of complications between hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopic surgery and pure adnexal surgery were no difference( P >0.05). Compared to adnexal op-erations, there was a significantly higher complication rate in myomectomy and laparoscopic assistant vaginal hysterectomy (P < 0.01 ). Conclusions:Complications of laparoscopic gynecologic surgery are correlated with the difficulty of operation and the skillfulness of operators. In order to reduce complications, careful oper-ation and avoiding over self -confidence are essential.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Zhibai Dihuang Decoction (ZDD) on mRNA and protein expressions of transient receptor potential family vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) and transient receptor potential family vanilloid subtype 5 (TRPV5) in Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU)-infected rat semens and spermatogenic cells, and to explore the pathomechanism of UU-infected infertility and the intervention of ZDD.

METHODSTotally 45 were randomly selected from 60 4-5 months old SD rats. UU testicular infected animal models were set up after bladder inoculation of UU suspension. The remaining 15 rats were simultaneously injected with normal saline as a normal control group. After a successful modeling, UU infected model rats were randomly divided into the model group, the azithromycin group, and the ZDD group, 15 in each group. Rats in the ZDD group were administered with ZDD at the daily dose of 1 g/kg by gastrogavage. Rats in the azithromycin group were administered with azithromycin suspension at the daily dose of 0. 105 mg/kg by gastrogavage. Equal volume of normal saline was administered to rats in the normal control group and the model group. All medication was performed once daily for 21 successive days. Testes and epididymis were extracted after rats were killed and UU positive rates were compared among all groups. Sperm cells were separated using a mechanical separation technique. Sperm motility parameters were detected using color sperm motion detection system. mRNA and protein expressions of TRPV1 and TRPV5 in spermatogenic cells were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot.

RESULTSThe UU positive rate was obviously higher in the model group than in the normal control group [(86.7% (13/15 cases) vs. 0] P < 0.05). It was lower in the ZDD group [33.3% (5/15 cases)] and the azithromycin group [26.7% (4/15 cases)] than in the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, class A and B sperms were reduced, the linear velocity and the average velocity were significantly lowered, mRNA and protein expressions of TRPV1 and TRPV5 in spermated genic cells significantly decreased in the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, class A and B sperms were increased, linear and curve velocities and the average velocity were significantly elevated, mRNA and protein expressions of TRPV1 and TRPV5 significantly increased in the ZDD group and the azithromycin group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with azithromycin group, class A and B sperms were increased, the linear velocity and the average velocity were significantly elevated, mRNA and protein expressions of TRPV1 and TRPV5 significantly increased in the ZDD group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONZDD could fight against UU infection and elevate semen quality, which might be associated with up-regulating mRNA and protein expressions of TRPV1 and TRPV5 in spermatogenic cells.

Animals ; Calcium Channels ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Infertility ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Semen Analysis ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; TRPV Cation Channels ; metabolism ; Testis ; Ureaplasma Infections ; Ureaplasma urealyticum

All kinds of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) differed from each other with different chemical components and properties. Owing to poor conditions and technologies, and the lack of scientific preservation, most TCMs will easily become mouldy during the processes of growth, harvest, handling, translation and especially storage, which will not only influence the quality, safety and efficacy of TCMs, but also cause serious waste and economic losses, and even do great harm to human health. The process of storage is closely related to the qualities of TCMs with many interference factors. Therefore, scientific preservation of TCM during storage is crucial to prevent them from being mouldy. This review analyzed the important harm of mouldy TCMs, summarized the internal and external factors of resulting in TCMs to become mouldy. Based on the above discussion, together with the characteristics and limitations of current TCM preservation techniques, we prospect novel, scientific and reasonable preservation techniques, expecting to provide references for scientific preservation of TCMs to avoid becoming mouldy and guarantee their qualities.
Drug Contamination ; prevention & control ; Drug Storage ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Fungi ; growth & development ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate clinical outcomes of tendon allograft reconstruction with arthroscopy minimally invasive technique at stage I for the treatment of knee dislocation with multiple ligaments injury.

METHODSForty-eight patients with knee dislocation were reconstructed anterior and posterior ligament under arthroscopy at stage I from January 2008 to January 2012, and repaired ligaments injury of knee joint by minimally invasive technique. There were 38 males and 10 females aged from 20 to 59 years old with an average of 35.6 years old; 22 cases on the left side and 26 cases on the right side; the time from injury to operation ranged from 2 d to 2 weeks. Two cases combined with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL) and posterolateral complex injuries, 36 cases combined with ACL, PCL, and MCL injuries, 10 cases combined with ACL, PCL and PLC injuries; 4 cases combined with peroneal nerve injury. Lysholm scoring were used to compared the cases before operation and final following-up to evaluate knee function.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up from 12 to 30 months with an average of (18.2 ± 6.3) months. Activity and stability of joint were obviously improved. Lysholm score were improved from 40.3 ± 4.1 before operation to 87.0 ± 6.4 at final following-up.

CONCLUSIONReconstruction with arthroscopy minimally invasive technique at stage I for the treatment of knee dislocation with multiple ligaments injury could recover stability of joint better,reserve joint function. Preoperative training and postoperative individualized rehabilitation treatment is the key point of recover knee joint function.

Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries ; Arthroscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Knee Dislocation ; rehabilitation ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Trauma ; surgery ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament ; injuries ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods

OBJECTIVE: Complication incidence of urinary fistula which frequently occurs following renal transplantation is 3%-10%. Thus, poor processing may cause loss of transplanted kidney. This study was designed to retrospectively analyze urinary fistula following renal transplantation and to summarize the processing experience. METHODS: A total of 27 out of 1 203 patients with urinary fistula following renal transplantation (16 males and female 11 and mean age of 43 years) were collected from Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of Chinese PLA from December 2000 to March 2009. Totally, 26 patients accepted donor kidney from corpse, and 1 from living body. All patients were treated with expectant treatment (n=17) including inserting 18Fr Foley catheter alone and draining from the native drainage channel of operative site (n=12) and inserting a ureteral stent (single-J) by cystoscope retrograde approach and inserting 18Fr Foley catheter into the bladder (n=5); exploring operation (n=10) including anastomosing ureter and bladder and placing ureteral stent (n=5) and anastomosing ureter and ureter of recipient and placing ureteral stent (n=5); pedicled omentum grafts to cover and surround stoma after suturing (n=6). RESULTS: Only 1 case was failed because kidney vain was injured in the second operation and the kidney was resected. Another 26 cases were cured. Within the 3 month to 7 years follow-up, the urinary fistulas did not relapse, no stegnosis or hydronephrosis, no urinary tract infection and renal function were normal. CONCLUSION: Rapid diagnosis and treatment for urinary fistulas after renal transplantation is imperative. First mostly patients may be cured by expectant treatment. If not then perform exploratory operation. Using peclicled omentum grafts to cover and surround stoma after suturing for complex urinary fistulas can raise achievement ratio of operation.

Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex)combined with ischemic preconditioning on liver ischemic reperfusion injury in rats in order to explore its possible mechanism. Methods Sixty healthy male SD rats weighing (251 ±18)g,were randomly (random number)divided into five groups (n =12 in each):sham-operation group (Group S:operation without ischemia), ischemia-reperfusion group (Group IR:hepatic pedicle occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 6 h), dexmedetomidine preconditioning group (Group Dex: dexmedetomidine 25 μg/kg was given intra-peritoneally at 30 min before operation),ischemic preconditioning group (Group IP:10 min ischemia,10 min reperfusion,followed by hepatic IR)and Dex combined with ischemic preconditioning group (Group Dex +IP:Dex 25μg/kg was given intra-peritoneally at 30 min befor operation,10 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion was given followed by hepatic IR).The hepatic inflow of blood stream was occluded for 30 min by Pringle maneuver to establish hepatic ischemic reperfusion injury (HIRI)rat model.At the end of reperfusion for 6 h,the concentration of ALT,AST and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)in serum were measured.The liver histological changes were examined after HE staining.The liver cell apoptosis were examined by TUNEL. The expression of heme oxygenase-1 were examined by Westeren blot and immunohistochemistry.H2 O2 and GSH (r-glutamylcysteinylglycine ) in liver tissue were detected by spectrophotometer.Differences among the groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student-Newman-Keul test by using SPSS version 17.0 software.Differences were considered significant at P <0.05.Results Serum concentrations of ALT,AST and LDH in group IR,Dex,IP and Dex +IP were significantly higher than those in group S (P =0.000).And those biomarkers in group Dex,IP and Dex +IP,were significantly lower than those in group IR (P =0.000).Furthermore,those biomarkers in group Dex +IP,were significantly lower than those in group Dex and IP (P =0.000).There were no significant difference in the serum concentrations of ALT and AST between group Dex and IP (P =0.550, 0.771),and the serum level of LDH in group Dex was significantly lower than that in group IP (P =0.000).The liver histopathological score and apoptosis index were the lowest in group S and the highest in group IR,and those in group Dex and group IP were significantly lower than those in group IR (P =0.000),and those in group Dex +IP were significantly lower than those in group Dex and group IP (P =0.000),and there were no significant difference between group Dex and IP (P =0.704,0.661 ).The expression score of HO-1 was the lowest in group S and the highest in group Dex +IP,and that in group Dex and group IP was significantly lower than that in group Dex +IP (P =0.000,0.002),and that in group IR was significantly lower than that in group Dex and group IP (P =0.000),and there was no significant difference between group Dex and IP (P =0.099).In respect of H2 O2 level and GSH level in liver tissue, compared with group S,the H2 O2 levels in groups IR,Dex,IP and Dex +IP were significantly higher (P=0.000,0.000,0.000,0.001)while the GSH levels were significantly lower (P =0.000).Compared with group IR,the H2 O2 level in group Dex,IP and Dex +IP was significantly lower than that in group IR while the GSH level was significantly higher (P =0.000 ).The H2 O2 level in group Dex +IP was significantly lower than that in group Dex and IP while the GSH level was significantly higher (P =0.000).There were no significant difference between group Dex and IP (P =0.480,0.667).Conclusions Both of dexmedetomidine and ischemic preconditioning can protect liver from ischemia reperfusion injury in rats to some extent,and the combined application of two gives better effects,which is attributed to the increasing expression of HO-1 to a certain extent.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors in patients with low grade glioma. Methods Eighty- seven patients with low grade glioma confirmed by cytological examination were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among 87 patients, male accounted for 62.1%(54/87), and the average age was 36.2 years. The average followed- up time was 51.4 months (3-135 months), and 5 cases were lost in follow-up. The follow- up rate was 94.3% (82/87). The 3- year survival rate was 84.1%, and the 5- year survival rate was 66.7%. The 3- year survival rate was related to clinical symptoms, maximum diameter of tumor and the extent of resection (P<0.01 or<0.05);and the 5- year survival rate was related to years, Karnofsky score, clinical symptoms, maximum diameter of tumor, the pathology classification and extent of resection (P<0.05 or<0.01). Conclusions Low grade glioma is more common in male patients and patients under the age of 40 years. Age below 40 years, Karnofsky score ≥ 70 scores, only epilepsy symptom, tumor diameter below 6.0 cm, oligodendrogliomas, complete resection or subtotal resection are positive prognostic factors. Postoperative radiotherapy can reduce the rate of tumor progression.

Objective To observe the effect of low arsenic sub-chronic exposure on blood routine test index in rabbits to pave a way for screening early injury of the low arsenic exposure. Methods Twelve healthy male rabbits were randomly divided into four groups. They were administrated with As at the concentration of 0(control), 10, 50 and 250 μg/L in the drinking water. Blood samples were collected from the vein of the ear edge in 8 weeks, and blood test routine including leukocyte (WBC), lymphocyte (LYM), lymphocyte percentage (LYM%), neutrophil (GRA), neutrophil percentage (GRA%), monocyte (MON), monocyte percentage (MON%), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), RDW, platelets(PLT), mean platelet volume(MPV), platelet hematocrit(PCT) and platelet distribution width (PDW), were detected by the ABX-60 hemocyte analyzer. Results Compared with the control group, the WBC, GRA and GRA% increased in 0, 50 and 250 μg/L groups, but there was no significance(P > 0.05). PLT and MPV had a statistical significance in 4 groups(F = 4.07,4.20, all P < 0.05). Compared with the control group[(292.00±16.97)×109/L, (7.10±0.99)fL], PLT decreased in the 250 μg/L group [(221.33±22.50)×109/L] and MPV decreased in the 50μg/L group [(5.57±0.46)fL] significantly (P < 0.05). The other index didn't change obviously. Conclusions Sub-chronic low level arsenic exposure may lead to the change in the blood system. The blood routine test may be considered for early injury of the arsenic poisoning.