Adequate assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation is fundamental to decisions on the timing and the patterns of surgical treatment.Nowadays,two-dimensional echocardiography continues to be the first choice of assessment,but it's considerable limitations preclude its being a real gold standard.With the newly emerging techniques,such as three-dimensional color Doppler ultrasonography,multi-detector CT and MRI,the parameters promoted may have the potential to overcome some of the pitfalls of the two-dimensional methods.Advances in imaging assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation were reviewed in the article.

Objective To study the immunol pathological mechanism of PIH through the expressron of FasL of placental trophoblasts. Methods Immuno histochemistry were used to detect the expression of FasL of placental trophoblasts on moderate and severe PIH patients, HPIS was used to determine the quantity of FasL. The expression of PIH group was compared with that of the normal control group. Result The scale of FasL expression on PIH group (69.628 ?19.103 ?m 2 ) was significantly lower than that of control group(97.461?10.517 ?m 2), P

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the barriers to entry of pharmaceutical industry of our country into international market.METHODS:Directed by the theory of the barriers to entry of the industry organization theory,the barriers to entry into the international pharmaceutical industry was ordered by using the methods of the excess profit,the enterprise numbers,and the proportion of enterprise scale.RESULTS:The barriers to entry into the international chemical pharmaceutical industry and the medical instrument industry are the highest in the sequence of pharmaceutical industry.CONCLUSION:At the time that the industry of our country is reforming,we should regulate and direct the pharmaceutical industry right by using the theory of the industry organization.

Objective To further study the mechanism of maternal fetal immune tolerance Methods Chorioplacental tissues were obtained from different gestation stages of normal pregnancy Immuno histochemistry was used to investigate the expression of Fas Ligand (FasL) on the surfaces of human cytotrophoblasts Highly precise color image measure system for immuno histochemistry was used for quantitative analysis Results FasL were expressed on the surfaces of placental cytotrophoblasts throughout normal pregnancy FasL staining areas on cytotrophoblasts of the first trimester, second trimester and term were (91410?8328) ?m 2, (101 322?11 480) ?m 2 and (97461?10517) ?m 2 respectively; Average brightness FasL staining were 0 227?0 032 5, 0 261? 0 021, 0 145? 0 015; and integral brightness were 21 391? 4 636, 25 993? 6 231, 18 588? 3 897 respectively The differences among the first, second and term pregnancy stages were significant Conclusions Like many immune privileged sites, the maternal specific fas + T cell apoptosis induced by FasL on the maternal fetal interface might be one of the significant mechanisms of maternal fetal immune tolerance The expression of FasL on the surfaces of placental cytotrophoblasts plays an important role both in the maintenance of pregnancy and in the normal development of fetus

Objective To investigate the impact of citreoviridin(CIT) on mRNA expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain synthesis related transcriptional regulation gene,mitochondrial membrane(MMP) potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes of rat.Methods Viability of rat primary cardiomyocytes treated with different concentrations of CIT (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 μmol/L) for 24 h was determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method.Based on the MTT curve,median inhibitory concentration(IC50) was calculated using SPSS 13.0.High-,medium-and low-dose groups of CIT(1.650,1.234,0.715 μmol/L) were defined corresponding to 99％,95％ and 90％ of cardiomyocyte viability,respectively.CIT was not added in as the control group.After 24 hours,the mRNA expression levels of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γcoactivator(PGC-1α),nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1) and nuclear respiratory factor 2(Nrf2) in cardiomyocytes were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Changes of MMP and intracellular ROS were determined by a fluorescence microplate reader using 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) and 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) as fluorescent probes.Results Compared with 0 μmol/L CIT group [(89.4 ± 17.6)％],viabilities of rat primary cardiomyocytes treated with 2-10 μmol/L CIT groups[(80.2 ± 20.2)％,(74.4 ± 18.7)％,(63.2 ± 8.9)％,(51.5 ± 18.8)％,(39.0 ± 15.7)％,(22.6 ± 10.5)％,(19.9 ± 4.9)％,(20.7 ± 4.8)％,(18.5 ± 3.3)％] decreased significantly(all P ＜ 0.05).The IC50 value of cardiomyocytes after24 h treatment with CIT was 4.6 μmol/L The PGC-1α mRNA expressions ofhigh-,medium-and low-dose groups(0.431 ± 0.041,0.619 ± 0.031,0.653 ± 0.037) were significantly lower compared to that of the control group(0.776 ± 0.081,all P ＜ 0.05).The Nrf1 mRNA expression of high-dose group(0.358 ± 0.05) was significantly lower compared to that of the control group(0.580 ± 0.098,P ＜ 0.05).Nrf2 mRNA expressions of the high-and medium-dose groups(0.352 ± 0.041,0.472 ± 0.011) were significantly lower than that of the control group (0.667 ± 0.091,all P＜ 0.05).Compared with the control groups[(100.00 ± 0.00)％,(100.00 ± 0.00)％],the MMP levels of high-,medium-and low-dose groups[(55.3 ± 3.3)％,(69.8 ± 4.7)％,(81.8 ± 2.7)％] were significantly lower and the ROS levels[(606.0 ± 46.3)％,(275.0 ± 53.5)％,(158.9 ±29.5)％] were significantly higher(all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions CIT inhibits the biosynthesis of mitochondria in primary cardiomyocytes and induces oxidative stress.Myocardial injury is caused by cardiomyocyte apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway,which leads to myocardial injury.

Objective To investigate the pubertal growth patterns and anthropometric characteristics of the patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS) by anthropometry measurements. Methods The anthropometric data of 256 AIS girls were collected. The mean age of diagnosis was 14.1 years old(from 12 to 16 years old). The children with more than 10 degree of the scoliosis angle at coronal level were diagnozed as AIS. The control group consisted of 462 age-matched health girls. Four variables were measured: height, sitting height, arm span and menstrual states. Height and sitting height were adjusted using Bjure formula to make up the height loss from spinal deformity. The above variables were analyzed between AIS group and the controls. Results There were no differences in the composition of age between two groups. There were no significant differences in height,sitting height and arm span between the 256 cases of AIS girls and the 462 controls. However, the corrected height and sitting height were significantly higher in AIS than those of the controls. The menstrual onset time was earlier in AIS than that in controls. There were no statistical differences in corrected height, corrected sitting height and arm span between AIS girls and the controls at the age group of 12 years old. On the contrary, the AIS girls showed shorter uncorrected height than the controls did at this age. However, the scoliotic girls were found in the corrected height, the corrected sitting height and the arm span significantly taller than the controls between ages of 13 and 15 years. There were significant differences in corrected height and corrected sitting height between AIS girls and the controls at the age of 16 years old, while no difference were found in the variables of height, sitting height and arm span. Conclusion There is an abnormal growth pattern in AIS during pubertal growth spurt, which may be related to the pathogenesis of AIS.

[Objective]To demonstrate the shift of the spinal cord to the concave side of the spinal canal in adolescent patients with idiopathic thoracic scoliosis,to investigate possible cause of the shift of the spinal cord and to explore its clinical relevance.[Method]Thirty-nine adolescents with idiopathic thoracic scoliosis were recruited in this study.Cobb's angle,relative apical translation and relative trunk shift of the major thoracic curves were recorded from standing posteroanterior roentgenography of the whole spine.The shift of the spinal cord was determined through the measurements of distance between the spinal cord and the medial walls of the pedicles on the convex and concave sides,which were performed in transverse magnetic resonance images of the spinal canal in the major thoracic curves(T5~12).The variations of the shift of the spinal cord were determined,and the relationships between the shift of the spinal cord at the apical region and Cobb's angle,and between that and the relative apical vertebral translation were analyzed.[Result]In the region of the major thoracic curves,the distance from the spinal cord to the pedicle on the convex side was significantly less than the distance to the pedicle on the concave side(P

[Objective] To establish a viable and convenient method for human iliac growth-plate chondrocyte culture in vitro and study the biological characters of the chondrocyte.[Method] The chondrocytes from 10 human iliac growth-plate were cultured in monolayer and passaged to observe the changes of cell morphology.The growth kinetics was detected by using MTT colorimetric.Immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR were performed to investigate the expression of collagenⅡat the protein and mRNA level,respectively.[Result](1)The phenotype of chondrocyte was changed from original polygonal shape to fusiform at 4th passage.(2)MTT test showed the growth curve of the second passage cells presented inverted "S",and cells were found logarithmic growth at 4th~8th day reached platform stage at 9th~10th day,and decreased at the 11th day.(3)The collagen typeⅡimmunohistochemical staining was extensive positive in cells at P2.(4)RT-PCR confirmed that the mRNA level decreased with the cells passaged after P2.[Conclusion]The modified method of the enzymatic two-step digestion is an effective and simple procedure.The second passage cells maintain the phenotype of chondrocyte well,could be serving as seeding cells.

Objective To investigate the effect of menthol compound decoction on the growth and acid metabolism of cariogenic bacteria and to find out the anticariogenic mechanism of Menthol compound decoction .Methods Streptococcus mutans ,Streptococ‐cus sanguinis and Porphyromonas gingivalis were chosen as the experimental bacteria .Firstly ,slip diffusion method was used to ex‐amine the inhibitory effect of menthol compound decoction on cariogenic bacteria .Secondly ,observing the effect of menthol com‐pound decoction of different concentration on acid metabolism .Results Menthol compound decoction could inhibit the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis and Porphyromonas gingivalis .And it also inhibited the acid production of cariogenic bacteria ,but the con‐centration of menthol compound decoction were different .Conclusion Menthol compound decoction may have an inhibitory effect on the growth and acid metabolism of cariogenic bacteria .

Objective To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on the hemodynamics and the heart rate variability(HRV)in patients under-going lower limbs operations with application of tourniquet. Methods Forty patients undergoing lower limbs operations with application of tourni-quet were randomized assigned to dexmedetomidine group(group D,n=20)or control group(group C,n=20). After combined spinal-epidural anesthesia,group D received a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine(0.5μg/kg for 10 min for loading dose and followed by 0.2μg·kg-1·h-1) until tourniquet deflation. The control group received normal saline instead. Mean arterial pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),saturation of pulse ox-imetry(SpO2),low frequency power(LF),high frequency power(HF)and LF to HF ratio(LF/HF)were recorded at regular time points:imme-diately before loading dose(T0),before tourniquet inflation(T1),15 min after tourniquet inflation(T2),30 min after tourniquet inflation(T3),45 min after tourniquet inflation(T4),60 min after tourniquet inflation(T5),1 min after tourniquet deflation(T6),5 min after tourniquet deflation (T7)and 10 min after tourniquet deflation(T8). Results Compared with T0,the MAP of group D significantly decreased at T6-T8(P<0.05). Compared with T0 and T1,the MAP of group C increased at T2-T5(P>0.05). Compared with T2-T5,the MAP of group C significantly decreased at T6(P<0.05). Compared with group C,the MAP of group D significantly decreased at T6 and T7(P<0.05). Compared with T0,the HR of group D significantly decreased at T1-T8(P<0.05). Compared with T0,the HR of group C had no significant change at T1-T5(P<0.05). Compared with T1-T5,the HR of group D and group C significantly increased at T6(P<0.05). Compared with group C,the HR of group D significantly decreased at T1-T4 and T6(P<0.05). Compared with T0,the SpO2 of group D and group C significantly decreased at T6(P<0.05). Compared with group C,the SpO2 of group D significantly decreased at T1-T3(P<0.05). Compared with T6,LF of group D and group C significantly increased at T7(P<0.05). LF were comparable between groups D and C(P>0.05). Compared with T0,the HF of group D significantly increased and the LF/HF of group D significantly decreased at T1-T4(P<0.05). Compared with group C,the HF of group D significantly increased and the LF/HF of group D significantly decreased at T1-T4(P<0.05). Conclusion The appropriate dose of dexmedetomidine(loading dose 0.5μg/kg and maintenance dose 0.2μg · kg-1 · h-1)can significantly increase vagal tone and improve cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic balance during tourniquet appli-cation.