Plerocercoid should not be confused with Sparganum.The scolex of plerocercoid has a bothrium or bothrial slit but there is no true scolex in sparganum.Plerocercoid is a developmental stage of an animal tapeworm,Genus Spirometra.Sparganum is another generic name of a pseudophyllidean cestode.Plerocercoid causes benign plerocercoidosis and sparganum causes "malignant sparganosis".Plerocercoidosis is a parasitic zoonosis which can be food-borne,water-borne,contact-borne or mother-borne.During the past 20 years,there has been significant progress in studies of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis,especially the former.Spirometra erinacei-europiea plerocercoidosis and sparganosis pro-lifera distributed mainly in East Asia.Spirometra mansonoides plerocercoidosis has been reported from the USA.Up to the present,approximately 1 400 cases of plerocercoidosis were reported from China,Japan,Korea,USA and Thailand,and at least 16 well-documented cases of human proliferating sparganosis were reported worldwide(in Japan,China,Thailand,USA,Paraguay,Venezuela,and the Philippines).The life cycle of Sparganum is unknown.For plerocercoid,human being acts as a dead-end hosts,copepod and frogs serve as intermediate hosts,and snakes and carnivorous animals are its paratenic hosts.This review summarizes the research progresss on aetiology and pathogenesis of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.The second part(in press) will be concentrated on their pathology,clinical manifesta-tions,diagnosis,treatment,epidemiology,control and prevention.

This article is the second part of the previous review and summarizes the research advances on pathol-ogy, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and control of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.

Adolescent ; Humans ; Scoliosis ; etiology ; genetics

Psychological adjustment is helpful in students' professional preparation.Psychological adjustment is needed much more in medical education because of the professional particularity.According to the questionnaires of Shantou University Medical College,the situation of the medical students' psychological adjustment was summarized:They had professional identity but thought doctors' social status was not as good as before; Most worried about the employment and expressed their opinion of overcoming this warry by working hard.So medical colleges should train students' correct professional attitudes,make a full strategy to improve their psychological adjustment,and at the same time make use of the school organization by improving teachers' quality.

Objective] To discuss the treatment of blood stasis in chronic nephrosis. [Method] With deep study on Tang Rongchuang ’s“four methods for blood diseases”, by combining with author’s clinical practice, it studies the application of it in stasis of chronic nephrosis. [Result] Blood stasis is one of basic pathogenesis and syndromes;hemostasis is the first method for bleeding, paying attention to micro-differentiation of signs of stasis, avoiding the later troubles by removing stasis to activate blood circulation, pointing to the causa morbi, tranquilizing blood to prevent over-active blood, finally tonifying blood to support the essence for good result. [Conclusion] The blood stasis runs through the chronic nephrosis; to smartly apply the “four methods for blood diseases”can be the aim of the simultaneous treatment of principal and subordinate symptoms and radically reforming, worth clinical application.

In this issue , Norman Daniels , professor in ethics and population health from School of Public Health of Harvard University is introduced in the column of International Bioethicist.His current research focu-ses on fairness benchmark.The first part is about his academic career .The second part is the partial translation of his masterpiece , Fairness and Population Health: A Broader Bioethical Issue, in which issues of what we have to do for health equity , international fairness and healthy , fairness in different age groups and the birth cohort under an ageing society situation were discussed .In the article , he called for initiatives in bioethical workers .In the third part , the characteristics of public ethics , the importance of ethics investigation in population health , the reasons for global health becoming the hot topic and some more important ethical issues were discussed .

Using complement coated Baker's yeast as a ligand to identify complement -receptor bearing cells and E-rosette forming technique, a combined E and YC rosette formation test was established. This technique is a simple useful method to detect E~+, YC~+ and D cells, and also monocytes or phagocytes simutaneously in a single test. The application of this technique to 81 adult peripheral blood and 13 cord blood samples demonstrated that a mean of 61.9 per 100 lymphocytes ( ?10.9) formed E-rosettes, 8.2 ?3.4% formed YC-rosettes and 1.07?1.27% was D cells. The application to immunological classification of the perpheral blood lymphocytes of 12 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia disclosed a case of B-cell lymphosarcoma-leukemia, a case of T cell leukemia, 4 cases of non-E~+ non-YC~+ lymphocytic leukemia and a case of mixed T cell-non-T non-B lymphocytic leukemia. The other 5 cases appeared to have malignant cells with different markers and need further studies.

Objective To observe the traditional Chinese medicine massage in breasts joint French PHENIX-USB4 neuromuscular stimulation electrical stimulation therapy treatment of postpartum milk siltation,and provide the basis for clinical.Methods 120 patients with a diagnosis of milk deposition were selected according to random number table method,who were divided into control group and observation group,with 60 cases in each group.The patients in the control group were administrated with the traditional hot compress and breast massage technique treatment, and the patients in the observation group were administrated with low frequency pulse electrical stimulation treatment based on that in the control group,the clinical efficacy of the two groups were compared.Results The therapy efficacy rate of the observation group was 100.0%,which was significantly higher than 80.0%of control group(χ2 =16.51, P <0.05).There was no statistically significant difference of painless patients in the two groups (χ2 =0.78,P >0.78).The case of mild pain in the observation group was significantly more than that in the control group (χ2 =40.98,P <0.05).The cases of moderate pain and severe pain in the observation group were significantly less than those in the control group (χ2 =4.48,10.21,all P <0.05);After treatment of milk deposition for 1 day,2 days and 3 days,the milk siltation in the observation group were significantly lighter than those in the control group (χ2 =31.58,23.52,37.33,all P <0.05).Conclusion Breast massage of traditional Chinese medicine combined with low -frequency pulse electrical stimulation of acupuncture treatment of postpartum maternal milk deposition has the very good curative effect,the treatment is relatively simple,which is easy to operate,safe,noninvasive,relatively low incidence of adverse reactions,it can enhance the confidence of breastfeeding,and is worth of clinical promotion.

Over the past few decades,biomarkers have become increasingly utilized as non-invasive tools in the early diagnosis and management of various clinical conditions.In perinatal medicine,the improved survival of infants who are at high risk for adverse neurologic outcomes has increased the demand for the discovery of biomarkers in detecting and predicting the prognosis of in term and preterm newborns with neonatal brain injury.Recognization potential brain damage early is crucial because clinical feature and monitoring parameters may be of no avail and therapeutic window for pharmacological intervention is very limited.Therefore,the measurement of biochemical markers of brain damage is eagerly awaited in clinical practice to detect high risk infants.These biomarkers could allow clinicians to intervene at the early stages of disease,and to monitor the efficacy of those interventions.None,however,were studied extensively enough to warrant routine clinical use.The present paper is aimed at investigating the role of the main biomarkers such as activing A,S100B,glial fibrillary acidic protein,adrenomedullin,neuron-specific enolase,interleukin-6,hemeoxygenase-1,transforming growth factor β,uric acid,nucleated red blood cells,currently studied in infants with neonatal brain injury.

Objective To explore the clinical effects of escitalopram combined with psychological interventions during peri-parturition period for patients with postpartum depression.Methods From July to December in 2012,totally 493 pregnant women were performed psychological interventions during peri-parturition period,and 34 cases of them who suffered from postpartum depression were treated with escitalopram l0mg daily combined with systemic psychotherapy as the study group.From January to June in 2012,totally 367 pregnant women were not performed psychological interventions during peri-parturition period,and 32 cases who suffered from postpartum depression were treated with escitalopram 10 mg daily and only with support psychotherapy as the control group.Both groups were observed for 8 weeks.The Hamilton rating scale (HAMD) and Clinical Global Impression-severity of illness (CGI-SI) were tested before treatment and after 1,2,4 and 8 weeks of treatment to evaluate the efficacy.The data were compared.Results The incidence of postpartum depression was 7.7％ in the study group which was significantly lower than that in the control (11.7％,x2 =3.96,P ＜ 0.05).At different time points after treatment(at the1st,2nd,4th and 8th week),the total scores of HAMD in the study group were 16.6 ± 3.8,12.4 ±3.2,8.8 ± 3.4,6.7 ± 2.3,respectively,which were lower than those in the control with statistically significant difference (19.4 ± 3.4,14.7 ± 3.0,11.2 ± 2.8,8.2 ± 2.7,respectively,x2 =2.43-3.15,P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).The CGI-SI scores of different time points after treatment in the study group showed significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜ 0.05 or P＜0.01).The side-effects showed no statistical difference between the two groups (P＞ 0.05).Conclusion Psychological interventions during peri-parturition period and escitalopram treatment combined with systemic psychotherapy in depression stage had better effects on preventing and curing postpartum depression.