Plerocercoid should not be confused with Sparganum.The scolex of plerocercoid has a bothrium or bothrial slit but there is no true scolex in sparganum.Plerocercoid is a developmental stage of an animal tapeworm,Genus Spirometra.Sparganum is another generic name of a pseudophyllidean cestode.Plerocercoid causes benign plerocercoidosis and sparganum causes "malignant sparganosis".Plerocercoidosis is a parasitic zoonosis which can be food-borne,water-borne,contact-borne or mother-borne.During the past 20 years,there has been significant progress in studies of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis,especially the former.Spirometra erinacei-europiea plerocercoidosis and sparganosis pro-lifera distributed mainly in East Asia.Spirometra mansonoides plerocercoidosis has been reported from the USA.Up to the present,approximately 1 400 cases of plerocercoidosis were reported from China,Japan,Korea,USA and Thailand,and at least 16 well-documented cases of human proliferating sparganosis were reported worldwide(in Japan,China,Thailand,USA,Paraguay,Venezuela,and the Philippines).The life cycle of Sparganum is unknown.For plerocercoid,human being acts as a dead-end hosts,copepod and frogs serve as intermediate hosts,and snakes and carnivorous animals are its paratenic hosts.This review summarizes the research progresss on aetiology and pathogenesis of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.The second part(in press) will be concentrated on their pathology,clinical manifesta-tions,diagnosis,treatment,epidemiology,control and prevention.

This article is the second part of the previous review and summarizes the research advances on pathol-ogy, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and control of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.

In this issue , Norman Daniels , professor in ethics and population health from School of Public Health of Harvard University is introduced in the column of International Bioethicist.His current research focu-ses on fairness benchmark.The first part is about his academic career .The second part is the partial translation of his masterpiece , Fairness and Population Health: A Broader Bioethical Issue, in which issues of what we have to do for health equity , international fairness and healthy , fairness in different age groups and the birth cohort under an ageing society situation were discussed .In the article , he called for initiatives in bioethical workers .In the third part , the characteristics of public ethics , the importance of ethics investigation in population health , the reasons for global health becoming the hot topic and some more important ethical issues were discussed .

Objective To explore the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy on stroke patients with therapeutic implications,in order to further improve the patients with acute cerebral vascular disease and provide scientific basis for treatment of.Methods The hospital admissions in patients with stroke were randomly selected a total of 104 cases as the object of study,in which 48 patients received combined treatment of TCM and Western medicine treatment,another 56 patients received conventional treatment.Results The combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group after treated with NIHSS scores than in the conventional group decreased more obviously.The treatment group before treatment and after treatment of the various stages of NIHSS score had significant difference (all P ＜ 0.01) ; integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group and routine treatment group after treated with 90d Barthel index difference was statistically significant (P ＜0.05).Combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group treatment effect was better than the conventional group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy has affected stroke patients with postoperative quality of life.It can enable the patient to improve neurological function recovery,life skills,improve the quality of life.

Objective To explore the clinical effects of escitalopram combined with psychological interventions during peri-parturition period for patients with postpartum depression.Methods From July to December in 2012,totally 493 pregnant women were performed psychological interventions during peri-parturition period,and 34 cases of them who suffered from postpartum depression were treated with escitalopram l0mg daily combined with systemic psychotherapy as the study group.From January to June in 2012,totally 367 pregnant women were not performed psychological interventions during peri-parturition period,and 32 cases who suffered from postpartum depression were treated with escitalopram 10 mg daily and only with support psychotherapy as the control group.Both groups were observed for 8 weeks.The Hamilton rating scale (HAMD) and Clinical Global Impression-severity of illness (CGI-SI) were tested before treatment and after 1,2,4 and 8 weeks of treatment to evaluate the efficacy.The data were compared.Results The incidence of postpartum depression was 7.7％ in the study group which was significantly lower than that in the control (11.7％,x2 =3.96,P ＜ 0.05).At different time points after treatment(at the1st,2nd,4th and 8th week),the total scores of HAMD in the study group were 16.6 ± 3.8,12.4 ±3.2,8.8 ± 3.4,6.7 ± 2.3,respectively,which were lower than those in the control with statistically significant difference (19.4 ± 3.4,14.7 ± 3.0,11.2 ± 2.8,8.2 ± 2.7,respectively,x2 =2.43-3.15,P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).The CGI-SI scores of different time points after treatment in the study group showed significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜ 0.05 or P＜0.01).The side-effects showed no statistical difference between the two groups (P＞ 0.05).Conclusion Psychological interventions during peri-parturition period and escitalopram treatment combined with systemic psychotherapy in depression stage had better effects on preventing and curing postpartum depression.

Course of Medical Students' Career Planning can help medical students to establish occupation view and make occupation career planning better. Medical humanism should be demonstrated during the whole process of medical education. Medical humanism meets the moral requirements for the doctor occupation and the development of medical science should be based on it. Therefore , the design of this course should emphasize on the principles of medical humanism and adopt appropriate teaching methods and means to ensure the deep involvement of students in the curriculum and the teaching effect.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of different drug treatment on early onset severe preeclampsia.Methods 80 patients with early onset severe preeelampsia were randomly divided into two groups:Pell horizon treatment( group A) 40 cases and phentolamine treatment (group B) 40 cases, blood pressure, serum Ca2+,Mg2+ concentration and protein in urine were observed before and after treatment in .Results The mean arterial blood pressure in medication over 24 hours compared with that before treatment were significantly decreased in two groups ( t = 2.351,2.315, all P < 0.05 ) ; After treatment reduced urinary protein was observed in two groups, before and after tratment there were no significant difference ( t = 1.289,1.287, all P > 0.05 ) ; The contents of Ca2+, Mg2+After treatment were higher than before treatment ( t = 2.298,2.311, P < 0.0) ; The time of average pregnancy in group A was significantly longer thar that in group B ( x2 = 3.714,P < 0.05 ) ;The number of Apgar score more than 8 points in group A was significantly higher than the group B( x2 = 3.784 ,P < 0.05 ).Conclusion Perdipine with magnesium sulfate had affirmative curative effect in the treatment of early onset severe preeclampsia,and it was deserved to be applied.

Psychological adjustment is helpful in students' professional preparation.Psychological adjustment is needed much more in medical education because of the professional particularity.According to the questionnaires of Shantou University Medical College,the situation of the medical students' psychological adjustment was summarized:They had professional identity but thought doctors' social status was not as good as before; Most worried about the employment and expressed their opinion of overcoming this warry by working hard.So medical colleges should train students' correct professional attitudes,make a full strategy to improve their psychological adjustment,and at the same time make use of the school organization by improving teachers' quality.

Development appraisal of teachers is different from summative appraisal.It pays attention to teachers' initiative while improving the quality of education.It fits to the improvement of students' learning effect in some aspects,such as people-centered concept,reflective thinking,improving teaching effect and making good atmosphere and so on.We should increase research in and propaganda for development appraisal of teachers,including making theoretical innovation,updating and enriching contents,being scientific and operable in form,establishing and consummating the mechanism.