Plerocercoid should not be confused with Sparganum.The scolex of plerocercoid has a bothrium or bothrial slit but there is no true scolex in sparganum.Plerocercoid is a developmental stage of an animal tapeworm,Genus Spirometra.Sparganum is another generic name of a pseudophyllidean cestode.Plerocercoid causes benign plerocercoidosis and sparganum causes "malignant sparganosis".Plerocercoidosis is a parasitic zoonosis which can be food-borne,water-borne,contact-borne or mother-borne.During the past 20 years,there has been significant progress in studies of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis,especially the former.Spirometra erinacei-europiea plerocercoidosis and sparganosis pro-lifera distributed mainly in East Asia.Spirometra mansonoides plerocercoidosis has been reported from the USA.Up to the present,approximately 1 400 cases of plerocercoidosis were reported from China,Japan,Korea,USA and Thailand,and at least 16 well-documented cases of human proliferating sparganosis were reported worldwide(in Japan,China,Thailand,USA,Paraguay,Venezuela,and the Philippines).The life cycle of Sparganum is unknown.For plerocercoid,human being acts as a dead-end hosts,copepod and frogs serve as intermediate hosts,and snakes and carnivorous animals are its paratenic hosts.This review summarizes the research progresss on aetiology and pathogenesis of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.The second part(in press) will be concentrated on their pathology,clinical manifesta-tions,diagnosis,treatment,epidemiology,control and prevention.

This article is the second part of the previous review and summarizes the research advances on pathol-ogy, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and control of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.

Adolescent ; Humans ; Scoliosis ; etiology ; genetics

BACKGROUND:Bioabsorbable miniplates have good achievements after implantation, which have similar effect to the miniature titanium fixation system. Due to its absorbability, the bioabsorbable miniplate cannot exist in the body for a long time, which cannot influence bone stresses, cannot result in bone tissue atrophy, and have fewer complications than traditional metal internal fixations.
OBJECTIVE:To explore and analyze the effects of miniature titanium internal fixation systemversus bioabsorbable miniplates on fracture stability in patients with mandibular fractures.
METHODS:Ninety patients with mandibular fractures admitted at the Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital from January 2013 to May 2015 were enroled. Al the subjects were divided into two groups according to different internal fixations: miniature titanium group and bioabsorbable miniplate group.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 3 months after internal fixation, the stability rate was significantly higher in the bioabsorbable miniplate group than the miniature titanium group. At 1 year after internal fixation, the range of motion of the processus condyloideus was significantly higher in the miniature titanium group than the bioabsorbable miniplate group. These findings suggest that the bioabsorbable miniplate and miniature titanium internal fixation system both have good clinical outcomes in the treatment of mandibular fractures. The miniature titanium internal fixation system is easy to use and has good stability; the bioabsorbable miniplate can reduce foreign body reaction and prevent osteoporosis, and it has an ideal stability in combination with intermaxilary traction. Therefore, what kind of internal fixations is selected should be determined based on the wilingness and conditions of patients.

The biggest highlight in the 55th ASH annual meeting is a series of revolutionary progress in the field of diagnosis,pathogenesis,prediction,prognosis and minimal residue disease (MRD) of malignant blood diseases guiding with next generation of sequencing (NGS) techniques.This article will share the major contents of 7 papers using NGS techniques in the ASH annual meeting with domestic readers here.

Discussed how to use column split-core crown to repair the indications of the residual crown and root of posterior teeth,as well as its clinical results.Root canal treatment of the residual root,repaired the residual crown and root of posterior teeth with column split-core crown,and then used it as a fixed bridge abutment.No loose,no pain,no loss and jaw bite was in a good recovery compare to the standard after 1-2 years follow-up.It is a good method to use column split-core crown to repair the residual crown and root of posterior teeth under certain conditions.

Eleven cases of unequal length of lower extremities treated with allo-femotal shaft were reported.The operative technique was a simple sleeve method by transplanting an allo-femoral shaft. We followed up those cases for half to 3 years. X-ray showed that the results of those cases were good. There were no changes in musclar forces pre-and post-operations. There were no vascular injuries and infection.The transient paralysis of common peroneal nerves were occured in 2 cases but recovered rapidly.

The effects of butyric acid (BA) on nuclear ultrastructure of human lung giant cell carcinoma (Strain PLA-801 D) were studied with the digital image processing.It was found that the length of the nuclear circumference of the tumor cells incubated with 2mmol BA for 4 days was approximately equal to that of the control, whereas the nuclear area increased 1.4 times. It suggested that the nuclear profile tended to decome more regular. In addition, the nuclear optical density in the experimental group decreaed significantly compring with that of the control. This finding indicated that the chromatin granules within the nuclei were decreased by virtue of BA.BA may have a biological effect of reverse-transformation on the malignant cells.

The basal metabolism of 126 healthy adolescent girls aged from 12-17 living in Guangzhou are carefully measured over Summer-Autumn and Winter seasons. Of these 126 subjects 32 were determined the BM during the menstrual cycles. The open indirect calorimetry method was employed. All expired gas were collected in Douglas bags. Gas samples were carried out by Beckmen OM-11 oxygen analyser and LB-2 carbon dioxide analyser. The BMR results are:(1) The BMR of adolescent girls are gradually decreased as the index of secondary sexual appearance appeared. (2) When the energy expenditure expressed as kcal.kg-1.h~1, the difference of BMR is significantly at pre or post menarche. The BMR of pre-menarche is 8.3% higher than those of postmenarche. (3) BMR is influenced by menstrual cycles, shows a slight premenstrual rise and a 7.2% menstrual depression.( 4 ) The BMR of adolescent girls aged 12-17 in Guangzhou appeared a gradually decrease tendency with the growing process. The mean BMR values for aged from 12 to 17 were 164.64, 157.49, 152.13, 147.95,143.64,137.53 kJ.m-2.h-1 respectively The differences of BMR between aged 12 and 13 groups and the other age groups are statistical significant. This results are a littel (4.7-9.5%) lower than the figures of Fleish as compared with western count- rtes.( 5 ) There are seasonal changes of BMR for adolescent girls in Guangzhou. The BMR is 3.5% higher in Winter than in Summer-Autumn. (6) The BMR of adolescent girls are influenced by combined factors of surface area, body fat and pulse. The results are discussed.

Objective To explore new therapy method to reduce relapse of genital herpes(GH) with laser.Methods 550 cases GH treated with Laser were randomly derided into 11 different groups(each group 50 cases: group A(A.T.GH.Q),B(B.TGH.Q),C(C.T.GH.Q),D(D.TGH.Q),E(E.T.GH.Q),F(F.TGH.Q),G(G.T.GH.Q),H(H.T.GH.Q),I(I.T.GH.Q),J(J.T.GH.Q) and K group(K.T.GH.Q).All of cases started with 2~8 years of follow-up after clinical short-term being cured.Results Cure rate were: A 24%,B 22%,C 32%,D 30%,E 36%,F 448%,G 42%,H 48%,I 60%,J 58%,K 18%.Conclusion GH treated by Laser auompanied by drug has good and ideal long-term effectiveness,worthwhile for further study and popularized clinical application.