Plerocercoid should not be confused with Sparganum.The scolex of plerocercoid has a bothrium or bothrial slit but there is no true scolex in sparganum.Plerocercoid is a developmental stage of an animal tapeworm,Genus Spirometra.Sparganum is another generic name of a pseudophyllidean cestode.Plerocercoid causes benign plerocercoidosis and sparganum causes "malignant sparganosis".Plerocercoidosis is a parasitic zoonosis which can be food-borne,water-borne,contact-borne or mother-borne.During the past 20 years,there has been significant progress in studies of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis,especially the former.Spirometra erinacei-europiea plerocercoidosis and sparganosis pro-lifera distributed mainly in East Asia.Spirometra mansonoides plerocercoidosis has been reported from the USA.Up to the present,approximately 1 400 cases of plerocercoidosis were reported from China,Japan,Korea,USA and Thailand,and at least 16 well-documented cases of human proliferating sparganosis were reported worldwide(in Japan,China,Thailand,USA,Paraguay,Venezuela,and the Philippines).The life cycle of Sparganum is unknown.For plerocercoid,human being acts as a dead-end hosts,copepod and frogs serve as intermediate hosts,and snakes and carnivorous animals are its paratenic hosts.This review summarizes the research progresss on aetiology and pathogenesis of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.The second part(in press) will be concentrated on their pathology,clinical manifesta-tions,diagnosis,treatment,epidemiology,control and prevention.

This article is the second part of the previous review and summarizes the research advances on pathol-ogy, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and control of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.

Adolescent ; Humans ; Scoliosis ; etiology ; genetics

Objective To explore the effective treatment for dry eye syndrome. MethodsIn the retrospective analysis of 90 patients with clinical symptoms of dry eye,all patients were treated with artificial tear,and 28 patients were treated with inferior lacrimal point embolism. ResultsAfter artificial tear treatment,the clinical symptoms of most patients were improved in 79 cases(87.8%).After combination of inferior lacrimal point embolism,the majority of symptoms were improved in 83 cases(92.2%).However,even after combination of inferior lacrimal point embolism,there were still a few patients without any improvement(7 cases,7.8%). ConclusionArtificial tear was an effective treatment for dry eye syndrome.While for the patients who could not get ideal effect with artificial tear alone,artificial tear combined with inferior lacrimal point embolism is an effective treatment.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of different drug treatment on early onset severe preeclampsia.Methods 80 patients with early onset severe preeelampsia were randomly divided into two groups:Pell horizon treatment( group A) 40 cases and phentolamine treatment (group B) 40 cases, blood pressure, serum Ca2+,Mg2+ concentration and protein in urine were observed before and after treatment in .Results The mean arterial blood pressure in medication over 24 hours compared with that before treatment were significantly decreased in two groups ( t = 2.351,2.315, all P < 0.05 ) ; After treatment reduced urinary protein was observed in two groups, before and after tratment there were no significant difference ( t = 1.289,1.287, all P > 0.05 ) ; The contents of Ca2+, Mg2+After treatment were higher than before treatment ( t = 2.298,2.311, P < 0.0) ; The time of average pregnancy in group A was significantly longer thar that in group B ( x2 = 3.714,P < 0.05 ) ;The number of Apgar score more than 8 points in group A was significantly higher than the group B( x2 = 3.784 ,P < 0.05 ).Conclusion Perdipine with magnesium sulfate had affirmative curative effect in the treatment of early onset severe preeclampsia,and it was deserved to be applied.

Development appraisal of teachers is different from summative appraisal.It pays attention to teachers' initiative while improving the quality of education.It fits to the improvement of students' learning effect in some aspects,such as people-centered concept,reflective thinking,improving teaching effect and making good atmosphere and so on.We should increase research in and propaganda for development appraisal of teachers,including making theoretical innovation,updating and enriching contents,being scientific and operable in form,establishing and consummating the mechanism.

Psychological adjustment is helpful in students' professional preparation.Psychological adjustment is needed much more in medical education because of the professional particularity.According to the questionnaires of Shantou University Medical College,the situation of the medical students' psychological adjustment was summarized:They had professional identity but thought doctors' social status was not as good as before; Most worried about the employment and expressed their opinion of overcoming this warry by working hard.So medical colleges should train students' correct professional attitudes,make a full strategy to improve their psychological adjustment,and at the same time make use of the school organization by improving teachers' quality.

In this issue , Norman Daniels , professor in ethics and population health from School of Public Health of Harvard University is introduced in the column of International Bioethicist.His current research focu-ses on fairness benchmark.The first part is about his academic career .The second part is the partial translation of his masterpiece , Fairness and Population Health: A Broader Bioethical Issue, in which issues of what we have to do for health equity , international fairness and healthy , fairness in different age groups and the birth cohort under an ageing society situation were discussed .In the article , he called for initiatives in bioethical workers .In the third part , the characteristics of public ethics , the importance of ethics investigation in population health , the reasons for global health becoming the hot topic and some more important ethical issues were discussed .