Plerocercoid should not be confused with Sparganum.The scolex of plerocercoid has a bothrium or bothrial slit but there is no true scolex in sparganum.Plerocercoid is a developmental stage of an animal tapeworm,Genus Spirometra.Sparganum is another generic name of a pseudophyllidean cestode.Plerocercoid causes benign plerocercoidosis and sparganum causes "malignant sparganosis".Plerocercoidosis is a parasitic zoonosis which can be food-borne,water-borne,contact-borne or mother-borne.During the past 20 years,there has been significant progress in studies of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis,especially the former.Spirometra erinacei-europiea plerocercoidosis and sparganosis pro-lifera distributed mainly in East Asia.Spirometra mansonoides plerocercoidosis has been reported from the USA.Up to the present,approximately 1 400 cases of plerocercoidosis were reported from China,Japan,Korea,USA and Thailand,and at least 16 well-documented cases of human proliferating sparganosis were reported worldwide(in Japan,China,Thailand,USA,Paraguay,Venezuela,and the Philippines).The life cycle of Sparganum is unknown.For plerocercoid,human being acts as a dead-end hosts,copepod and frogs serve as intermediate hosts,and snakes and carnivorous animals are its paratenic hosts.This review summarizes the research progresss on aetiology and pathogenesis of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.The second part(in press) will be concentrated on their pathology,clinical manifesta-tions,diagnosis,treatment,epidemiology,control and prevention.

This article is the second part of the previous review and summarizes the research advances on pathol-ogy, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and control of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.

The author analyzed the peculiarity of bioethics from standardability , rationality , practicability/ap-plicability , evidence/experience , secularity these five five aspects .Based on this , how to understand bioethics was alsodiscussed in this paper from the viewpoints of right path of bioethics , de -ethics trend and building culture brand.

BACKGROUND:Bioabsorbable miniplates have good achievements after implantation, which have similar effect to the miniature titanium fixation system. Due to its absorbability, the bioabsorbable miniplate cannot exist in the body for a long time, which cannot influence bone stresses, cannot result in bone tissue atrophy, and have fewer complications than traditional metal internal fixations.
OBJECTIVE:To explore and analyze the effects of miniature titanium internal fixation systemversus bioabsorbable miniplates on fracture stability in patients with mandibular fractures.
METHODS:Ninety patients with mandibular fractures admitted at the Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital from January 2013 to May 2015 were enroled. Al the subjects were divided into two groups according to different internal fixations: miniature titanium group and bioabsorbable miniplate group.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 3 months after internal fixation, the stability rate was significantly higher in the bioabsorbable miniplate group than the miniature titanium group. At 1 year after internal fixation, the range of motion of the processus condyloideus was significantly higher in the miniature titanium group than the bioabsorbable miniplate group. These findings suggest that the bioabsorbable miniplate and miniature titanium internal fixation system both have good clinical outcomes in the treatment of mandibular fractures. The miniature titanium internal fixation system is easy to use and has good stability; the bioabsorbable miniplate can reduce foreign body reaction and prevent osteoporosis, and it has an ideal stability in combination with intermaxilary traction. Therefore, what kind of internal fixations is selected should be determined based on the wilingness and conditions of patients.

As the development of chemotherapy for the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), the classical CHOP regimen was not the best regimen for all NHL, and specially, not suitable for high-grade invasive lymphomas, for example, Burkitt lymphoma (BL), lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) and mantle cell lymphoma(MCL). The standard regimens of BL include multi-agent, dose-intensive and short treatment duration chemotherapy, such as CODOX-M/IVAC±R and R-Hyper CVAD/MA. Prophylaxis of CNSL is also an important part for BL. LBL should be treated with regimens used in ALL patients. The current chemotherapy strategy for MCL should be that rituximab is combined with regimes including high dose cytarabine induced remission and then consolidated with autologous stem cell transplantation.

Objective To study the application value of lightweight mesh in the ventral hernia tension-free hernia repair in middle-age and elderly patients. Methods The retrospective cohort study method was used to analyze the clinical data and followed information about 284 cases of tension-free hernia repair in our hospital. The patients were randomly divid-ed into experimental group and control group. The lightweight mesh and heavyweight mesh were used in experimental group and control group respectively. The information was collected including age, sex, inguinal hernia type, combined chronic dis-ease, operative time, blood loss, the duration of hospitalization, surgical expenses and other indicators. Data were followed up in patients including postoperative chronic pain, limited mobility, surgical numbness, the recurrent, foreign body sensation. Results The average cost of surgery was higher in experimental group[ (9 404.54±314.87) yuan]than that in control group [(7 613.94±329.68) yuan]. There were no significant differences in the operative time, blood loss and length of hospital stay between two groups. Results of follow-up data showed that the early postoperative chronic pain, early and long-term activity limitation, long-term surgery area numbness and foreign body sensation were lower in experimental group than those in con-trol group. Conclusion The cost of lightweight mesh was higher than that of heavyweight mesh in the ventral tension-free hernia repair therapy. It is worth to apply the lightweight mesh, which can reduce the incidence of postoperative pain, numb-ness and other adverse reactions.

The biggest highlight in the 55th ASH annual meeting is a series of revolutionary progress in the field of diagnosis,pathogenesis,prediction,prognosis and minimal residue disease (MRD) of malignant blood diseases guiding with next generation of sequencing (NGS) techniques.This article will share the major contents of 7 papers using NGS techniques in the ASH annual meeting with domestic readers here.

Objective] To discuss the treatment of blood stasis in chronic nephrosis. [Method] With deep study on Tang Rongchuang ’s“four methods for blood diseases”, by combining with author’s clinical practice, it studies the application of it in stasis of chronic nephrosis. [Result] Blood stasis is one of basic pathogenesis and syndromes;hemostasis is the first method for bleeding, paying attention to micro-differentiation of signs of stasis, avoiding the later troubles by removing stasis to activate blood circulation, pointing to the causa morbi, tranquilizing blood to prevent over-active blood, finally tonifying blood to support the essence for good result. [Conclusion] The blood stasis runs through the chronic nephrosis; to smartly apply the “four methods for blood diseases”can be the aim of the simultaneous treatment of principal and subordinate symptoms and radically reforming, worth clinical application.

microRNAs ( miRNAs) are a class of endogenous noncoding small molecular RNAs , which regulate target gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play vital roles in cell development , proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis and other biological behavior.Changes in miRNA expression profiles have been observed in gastric cancer in recent studies.Further studies demonstrated that miRNAs were closely related to the carcinogenesis , development and metastasis of gastric cancer , which suggested miRNAs have broad prospective application in diagnosis and therapy of gastric carcinoma as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

In this issue , Norman Daniels , professor in ethics and population health from School of Public Health of Harvard University is introduced in the column of International Bioethicist.His current research focu-ses on fairness benchmark.The first part is about his academic career .The second part is the partial translation of his masterpiece , Fairness and Population Health: A Broader Bioethical Issue, in which issues of what we have to do for health equity , international fairness and healthy , fairness in different age groups and the birth cohort under an ageing society situation were discussed .In the article , he called for initiatives in bioethical workers .In the third part , the characteristics of public ethics , the importance of ethics investigation in population health , the reasons for global health becoming the hot topic and some more important ethical issues were discussed .