1.The sagittal and transverse diameters of 1,456 transverse foramina in 728cervical vertebrae were measured.The data are as follows:transverse diameter(mm) sagittal diameter (mm)Left Right Left RightMale(702 cases) 6.0?1.0 5.9?1.1 5.4?1.2 5.3?1.1Female(754 cases) 5.9?1.0 5.8?1.1 5.3?1.1 5.1?1.12.Among the 710 transverse foramina of 357 cervical vertebrae observed,mostof them are of the elliptical type.3.19.3% of double transverse foramen were found in 710 transverse foraminawhich were mostly encountered at the 6 th cervical vertebra.4.The mean value of the external diameter of the cervical part of the vertebralartery is 4?0.7mm.in 40 sides of specimens.5.63.1% of the vertebral artery in the 710 transverse foramina were foundmedial to its accompanying vein.6.According to the relationship between the sagittal(X_1)and transversediameter(X_2)of the transverse foramen and the diameter(Y)of the vertebralartery,a formula,(?)=1.859+0.172 X_1+0.24 X_2,of multiple regression was formulatedThus,the estimated diameter of the vertebral artery from the sagittal diameter X_1and transverse diameter X_2 of the transverse foramen could be obtained and it maybe helpful for clinical practice.7.In case of arthrosis,the vertebral artery could be compressed by the unco-vertebral joint which are found mostly at the level of the 4～5th cervicalvertebrae.

BACKGROUND: Due to individual characteristics of human body, it is difficult to well match between standard prosthesis and patient skeleton. Computer-assisted design and manufacture of individualized prosthesis can effectively prolong artificial joint lifespan and quality and reduce revision rate. However, related studies are few in China.OBJECTIVE: To explore computer-assisted design for individualized femoral head prosthesis according to three-dimensional (3D)reconstruction of CT images for improving prosthesis and affected skeleton matching.METHODS: The CT scanning image of one healthy male volunteer, with no hip joint disease, was used. His femur was scanned with GE Speed Light CT with 3.0 mm thick cross-section slices. CT 2D images were transmitted to a computer. The medical image format was translated from DICOM into bmp. Inner and external bone contours were drawn automatically or by hand and processed digitally, and then these data were downloaded into 3D Mimics8.1, and Rapidform2004 software. The 3D femoral canal model was rendered. Femur canal contours curve was downloaded into the Solidworks2004 software in the form of dxf. Femoral prosthesis was designed on the base of femoral canal contours curve.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The CT image was transmitted in the form of vector by a set of self-made medical image processing software. The accurate 3D femoral internal/external outline model was obtained by CT 2D image and reverse technique. Suitable femoral prosthesis was designed by means of image reverse engineering and norientation CAD. Reverse engineering and CAD provide an effective way to develop individualized prosthesis, improve the matching of prosthesis and affected skeleton, prevent prosthesis loosening and improve long-term stability.

The traditional Chinese medicine safflower is mainly used to promote blood circulation and eliminate meridians obstruction and its effective ingredients,pharmacological activity and application development have attracted much attention,with broad application prospects.Safflower contains quinone chalcones,flavonoids,alkaloids,polyacetylenes,lignans,fatty acids and other chemical components.Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the various pharmacological effects of safflower have been applied in the vascular system,nervous system,immune system diseases and antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor and other aspects.At the same time,safflower seed oil has the function of anti-aging and preventing dietary obesity.This article mainly reviews the research progress on the chemical composition,pharmacological effects,and food health effects of safflower,and summarize the development and application prospects of safflower,in order to provide reference for further research and development of safflower.