PI3K/Akt pathway is a biological signal transduction pathway activated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K).It plays a key role in cell proliferation,cell-cycle regulation,apoptosis initiation,and angiogenesis.In addition,the PI3K/Akt pathway is closely associated with the protection mechanisms of central nervous system damage.In-depth study of PI3K/Akt,downstream molecules and their regulation mechanisms,can provide some new ideas and methods for the treatment of brain injury.

As an important transmembrane protein in brain microvascular endothelial cells tight junction, occludin plays important roles in regulating and maintaining blood-brain barrier permeability. Its abnormal expression can increase blood-brain barrier permeability. In order to provide some theoretical supports for the roles of studying occludin intensively in the mechanisms of blood-brain barrier permeability-related diseases and targets for pharmacological intervention, this article reviews the roles of occludin in the molecular composition and functional maintenance of blood-brain barrier tight junction, as well as the changes of cerebral microvascular permeability during hypoxia.

In combination with the physiologic classroom instruction of high altitude pathophysiology,this text discusses ten kinds of heuristic teaching methods.These methods have certain functions of relaxing the atmosphere of the classroom,encouraging students'enthusiasm and helping to formulate their thinking ability.But we shoud grasp three principles in carrying out the heuristic education.First,the inspiration should have pertinency.Second,we should consider the accepting level of the students.Third,we should make best use of the situation and advance step by step.This article has certain directive significance to the classroom instruction.

There were a lot of differences between the American and Chinese medical education.Students in American should obtain bachelor's degree of humanities or science before reciveing medical doctor's degree at graduation.High altitude militray medicine is a characteristic discipline of the third military medical university,aming at training general doctors for the plateau.During the designing of high altitude militray medicine curriculum and its teaching process,we actively learned from the advanced experiences of American based on the reality,optimizd currulum,improved teaching methods,greatly cultivated the students' protential in order to increase the qualify of high altitude militray medicine personnel.

Objective:To investigate the clinical manifestation and determine the distribution of pathogens and their characteristics of drug susceptibility to bloodstream infections (BSIs), and provide evidence for clinical anti-infection treatments after renal transplantation.
Methods:Totally 81 episodes of BSIs occurred in 71 patients between July 2003 and June 2013. We retrospectively analyzed the pathogens and their drug susceptibility characteristics with BD microbiological assay system. We also collected the clinical and laboratory data of the patients . Results:The main pathogens were gram negative bacteria (67.90%), followed by gram positive bacteria (28.40%) and fungi (3.70%). The most common gram negative bacillus was Escherichia coli.While for gram positive bacteria, the main bacillus was coagulase-negative staphylococci. The gram negative bacteria were relatively sensitive to aminoglycosides and carbapenem. The gram positive bacteria were sensitive to glycopeptides and oxazolidone.
Conclusion:The clinical manifestations included high body temperature, onset in the early period after kidney transplantation and high mortality. Though gram positive coccus plays an important role, most infections are caused by gram negative bacteria in BSIs after the renal transplantation. The antibiotic resistant rate for gram negative bacteria is very high as well as gram positive bacteria.

Objective To investigate the antishock effect of oxygenate solution and its possible mechanism. Methods The protective effects of oxygenates hypertonic hypercolloid solution on lipid peroxidation injures in hemorrhagic shock in rabbits at 4 700 m high altitude spot was observed. Results The oxygenated solution treatment can obviously reduce the malondialdehyde(MDA) and glutathione(GSH) level in plasma and tissue ; and increase the superoxide diamutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) level in plasma and tissue of the hemorrhagic shock animals. Conclusions Oxygenatea solution treatment can reduce the lipid peroxidation injure, recover the equilibrium of oxidation and antioxidation with shock body in time, and promote the resuscitation of shock.

BACKGROUND: The establishment of amniotic fluid derived stem cells (AFS) can provide an individual reserve for cell therapy in nerve degenerative diseases.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Noggin and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on AFS differentiation into neural cells.METHODS: Samples of amniotic fluid were obtained through amniocentesis by ultrasound from gestational age of 16-22 weeks for routine prenatal diagnosis. AFS were obtained from the 2~(nd) trimester amniotic fluid samples by immunomagnetic beads selection using CD117 antibody, and identified the surface antigen expression by flow cytometry after amplification. The 3~(rd) generation of AFS with good growth state were induced to differentiate into nerve cells, which were divided into the blank control,based-induced, Noggin-induced and bFGF-induced groups. The induced cell morphology was observed under inverted phase contrast microscopy, and the expression of nestin, β-Ⅲ tubulin and neurofilament in the induced cells was measured by using cell immunofluorescence detection.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Flow cytometry analysis indicated that most of AFS cells expressed CD44 and HLA-ABC, but negative for CD45 and HLA-DR. At 2 weeks after induction, the cell morphology exhibited significant changes with increased Nestin,β-Ⅲ tubulin and NF-positive rates in the bFGF-induced group. However, it had no significant difference in the Noggin-induced group and the based-induced group. It revealed that bFGF plays a vital role in the AFS differentiated into nerve cells.

Background: With the increase of troops entering the plateau for a variety of missions, the occurrence of de-adaptation increased significantly when the army returned to the plains, however, until now, there has been no effective treatment for de-adaptation to high altitude. Objective: To observe the interventional effects of compound Chinese herbal preparations (Sankang Capsule, Rhodiola Rosea Capsule and Shenqi Pollen Capsule) on de-adaptation to high altitude, and provide scientific evidence for appropriate treatment methods in the army health care for future missions. Design, setting, participants and interventions: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial design was used. Soldiers of a returning army unit who exhibited de-adaptation response symptoms were selected for observation after participating in earthquake relief at high altitude. A total of 543 soldiers were divided into a Sankang Capsule group, a Rhodiola Rosea Capsule group, a Shenqi Pollen Capsule group and a placebo group for drug intervention and administered with corresponding drugs. The course of treatment was 15 days. A self-evaluation scale for de-adaptation to high altitude was used to measure the signs and symptoms exhibited by the soldiers. Main outcome measures: Effective rate of signs and symptoms of de-adaptation to high altitude was analyzed after a 15-day treatment and the differences of improvement rate of symptoms between groups were compared to evaluate the efficacy of the drugs. Results: All three drugs improved the symptoms of de-adaptation to high altitude. Compared with the placebo group, symptoms of de-adaptation to high altitude in the drug-treated groups were remitted (P<0.05). Compared with placebo, Sankang Capsule mainly had well-marked effects on dizziness, fatigue, palpitations, cough, sputum and sore throat (P<0.05); Rhodiola Rosea Capsule significantly reduced the symptoms of fatigue, drowsiness, chest tightness, palpitations, vertigo, lack of attention and memory loss (P<0.05); Shenqi Pollen Capsule significantly reduced the symptoms of dizziness, fatigue, weakness, chest tightness, palpitations, cough, sputum, sore throat, memory loss, unresponsiveness and limb numbness (P<0.05). The symptom improvement rate of Shenqi Pollen Capsule was significantly higher than those of the other two drugs. Conclusion: All the three drugs played an evident role in ameliorating symptoms of de-adaptation, and the use of Shenqi Pollen Capsule was more effective than Rhodiola Rosea Capsule and Sankang Capsule.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM: To investigate the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to human adenovirus type 5 (AdHu5) , human adenovirus type 26 (AdHu26) and chimpanzee adenovirus type 68 (AdC68) in the patients with chro-nic hepatitis B ( CHB) and the patients with primary liver cancer ( PLC) , and to provide guidance for developing safe and effective biotherapy vectors against CHB and PLC.METHODS:The blood samples from 196 patients with CHB and 193 patients with PLC were examined to assess the presence of neutralizing antibodies against AdHu5, AdHu26 and AdC68 by adenovirus neutralization assays.RESULTS:The seroprevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies to AdHu5, AdHu26 and AdC68 in the CHB patients were 84.7%, 58.2%and 39.8%, respectively.Among the patients with PLC, the prevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies were as follows:AdHu5, 75.1%;AdHu26, 66.8%;AdC68, 32.1%.CONCLUSION:The prevalence rates and titers of neutralizing antibodies against AdC68 were the lowest among the 3 adenoviruses.There-fore, AdC68 serves as more suitable biological therapy vectors for CHB and PLC than AdHu5 and AdHu26.

Aim To observe the improvement of visual-auditory cognitive functions in the human entering high altitude by taking in tea polyphenols.Methods Thirty eight males living at 3 700 m high altitudes for 90 days constantly were randomly divided into two groups: ①group Ⅰ(placebo,40 mg/day); ②group Ⅱ(TP,300 mg/day).Cognitive functions were measured by integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test and the difference between groups was evaluated by the comparisons of post-treatment to pre-treatment.Results Compared with pre-treatment,PruA was significantly higher after taking in TP(P