ObjectiveTo determine the depth of sedation induced by target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol required to inhibit the swallowing reflex.MethodsThirty-five ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ healthy volunteers,aged 20-60 yr,with body mass index ＜ 30 kg/m2,were enrolled in the study.Sedation was performed with TCI of propofol.The initial target plasma concentration (Cp) of propofol was set at 2.4 μg/ml and the Cp increased or decreased by 0.2 μg/ml every 5 min until the BIS value reached the predetermined level.The initial Cp of propofol was increased or decreased by 0.3 μg/ml in the next subject according to the BIS value in the previous one.The up-and-down sequential experiment was pedormed.The BIS value was set at 65 in the first subject and the ratio of the BIS value between the two consecutive subjects was 1.1.The BIS value was increased or decreased depending on the occurrence of the swallowing reflex in the previous subject.The half-effective BIS value (BIS50) and 95％confidence interval (CI) of propofol inhibiting the swallowing reflex were calculated by up-and-down sequential method.ResultsThe BIS50 of propofol required to inhibit the swallowing reflex was 64.4 (95％ CI 59.3-69.8).ConclusionThe BIS50 and 95％ CI of propofol administered by TCI and required to inhibit the swallowing reflex is 64,4 (59.3-69.8).

Objective To study the effects of dexmedetomidine on the swallowing reflex. Methods Sixty adult volunteers (ASAⅠ-Ⅱ) were randomly divided into two groups, dexmedetomidine sedation group and propofol sedation group respectively. The BIS value was maintained between 60-65 in both groups. Swallowing reflex was induced by water injection in the pharynx at different depths of sedation, and the swallowing movements were observed. Meanwhile, the RR, SpO2 and OAA/S scores were recorded. Results The swallowing reflex existed in dexmedetomidine sedation group when BIS values was maintained at 60, which had significant difference compared with that in propofol sedation group. The RR, SpO2, OAA/S score in dexmedetomidine sedation group also had statistical difference compared with that in propofol sedation group during swallowing reflex test. Conclusions Slow infusion of dexmedetomidine to maintain the BIS value above 60 will not affect swallowing reflex, and can obtain satisfactory hemodynamic stability. It′clinical safety is high.

AIM: To determine the median effective plasma concentration (Cp50) of propofol inhibiting body movement when combined with butorphanol in patients undergoing hysteroscopic surgery. METHODS: Twenty-one patients scheduled for elective hysteroscopic surgery under non-intubated intravenous anesthesia, age 20-55 years old, ASA physical status or Ⅱ, were enrolled in this study, and anesthesia was induced by target-controlled infusion of propofol. Hysteroscopy was performed only when the plasma concentration and the concentration of the effector chamber were balanced. Butorphanol 20 μg/kg was injected intravenously at 5 min before surgery. The depth of anesthesia and adverse reactions during anesthesia was monitored. The plasma target concentration (Cp) of propofol was determined by up-and-down method, the first patient was 2.5 μg/mL, each time Cp increased/decreased by 10% in the next patient depending on whether or not body movement occurred. The patients were divided into positive and negative groups according to the results. The Cp50 and 95% confidence inlerval (CI) of propofol inhibiting body movement were calculated by up-and-down formula when combined with butorphanol in patients undergoing hysteroscopic surgery. RESULTS: The Cp50(95%CI) of propofol required to inhibit body movement was 2.23(2.12-2.34) μg/mL when combined with butorphanol in patients undergoing hysteroscopic surgery. None of the patients had serious adverse reactions. CONCLUSION: The Cp50 of propofol required to inhibit body movement is 2.23 μg/mL when combined with 20 μg/kg butorphanol in patients undergoing hysteroscopic surgery. It provides a reference for safe dosage of anesthesia in hysteroscopic surgery.

Objective To observe and compare the control effect of monitored anesthesia care on stress reaction of operation under local anesthesia.Methods Fourty-five patients who undered ophthalmology and otolaryngology operation and ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ class,aged 20-55 years were enrolled.They were randomly divided into 3 groups:monitored anesthesia care(M group),general anesthesia (G group),and local anesthesia (L group).All of three groups were performed local nerve block anesthesia.Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)、heart rate (HR) were recorded at enter room (T1),the strongest operation stimulation (T2),the end of operation (T3).At the same time,the levels of blood glucose,plasma cortisol (Cor) were assayed.The scores of state of anxiety (S-AI) before operation and after operation in two groups were compared.Results The levels of MAP and Cor at T2,T3 and HR at T2 in G group and M group were significantly lower than those at T1:(68.1 ± 8.2),(78.8 ± 12.8) mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) vs.(95.7 ± 11.3) mmHg;(80.8 ± 11.7),(86.2 ± 9.0)mmHg vs.(94.7 ± 11.5) mmHg;(207.0 ±71.8),(135.2 ± 60.9) nmol/L vs.(336.7 ± 121.4) nmol/L;(220.8 ± 113.2),(190.4 ± 149.0) nmol/L vs.(347.8 ± 154.6) nmol/L;(68.1 ± 10.6) beats/min vs.(79.9 ± 14.2)beats/min;(70.3 ± 10.1) beats/min vs.(80.6 ± 12.2) beats/min,there were significant differences (P ＜0.05).The level of blood glucose at T3 was significantly lower than that at T1 in G group [(4.9 ± 0.7) mmol/L vs.(5.5 ± 0.6) mmol/L],there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of MAP,Cor at T2 in G group and M group,at T3 in G group were significantly lower than those at the same point in L group:[(68.1 ± 8.2),(80.8 ± 11.7) mmHg vs.(93.4 ± 12.5) mmHg,(207.0 ± 71.8),(220.8± 113.2) nmol/L vs.(367.1 ± 157.3)nmol/L,(78.8 ± 12.8) mmHg vs.(92.6 ± 15.3) mmHg,(135.2 ± 60.7) nmol/L vs.(311.9 ± 165.6) nmol/L],there were significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).The scores of S-AI at postoperative in G group and L group were significantly lower than that at preoperative:(31.5 ± 6.6) scores vs.(44.3 ± 15.0) scores,(35.2 ± 11.5) scores vs.(49.3 ± 14.2) scores,there were significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Monitored anesthesia care can alleviate stress reaction in operation with local anesthesia,while its effect is similar with general nesthesia.

ObejectiveTo evaluate the efficacyofacupointthread embedding in easing painafterMilligan-Morgan(M-M)for mixed hemorrhoids.MethodSixty patients undergone M-M for mixed hemorrhoids were randomized into a treatment group of 30 cases and a control group of 30 cases. After M-M, patients in the treatment group received thread embedding at Changqiang (GV1) and bilateral Zhibian (BL54), while the control groupdidn’treceive any intervention. The onset time of post-operative pain, average pain index within a week, and pain index after defecation, electromyogram (EMG), change of anal canal pressure, patients’ satisfaction, and adverse-event rate were observed.ResultThe average pain index and pain index after defecation in the treatment group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the onset of pain in the treatment group was significantly later than that in the control group (P<0.01); after surgery, the anal canal resting pressure in the treatment group was markedly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05); there wasno significant difference in comparing the squeeze pressure of anal canal between the two groups (P>0.05). According to the motor unit potential (MUP) analysis, there were significant differences in comparing the amplitude (Ampl) and Ar/Am of the restingphase between the two groups (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in comparingthe Ampl, Area, Ar/Am, and Freq of the contraction phase between the two groups (P>0.05). There were significant differences in comparing the patients’satisfaction, adverse-event rate, and use of analgesics between the two groups (P<0.05). ConclusionAcupoint thread embedding can produce a content analgesic effect, and it’s safe and reliable.

Hydatid disease imposing serious threat on human health and great loss in livenotstock pastoralism remains a major public health problem in western China. To assess and monitor the effect of control program on transmission dynamics, we used the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered sheep at slaughterhouse as an indicator during the period of 2007 to 2013 in Emin County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The results showed a significant decline trend of prevalence in all age groups during the 7 years when the control program was implemented; particularly, the rate was reduced by 72% after first 3 years. Among the sheep slaughtered, the age distribution evidenced that the prevalence increased significantly as the sheep grew older. The baseline data indicated that the rate was 4.5% at the age <1, 6.7% at age 2~, and reached to the highest 17.9% at age > or =4 years. Earlier response to the intervention pressure was seen in the sheep at the younger age. Significant decline started from 2008 at the age <1, from 2009 at age of 1~, 2010 at 2~ to 3~, and the latest, in 2012 at age > or =4. This study demonstrated that the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered sheep may be used as an indicator to assess and monitor the transmission status during and after control program providing information for betterment of performance to sustain control strength.
Abattoirs/statistics & numerical data ; Animals ; China/epidemiology ; Echinococcosis/epidemiology/parasitology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Female ; Male ; Prevalence ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology/*prevention & control

Objective To explore the application value of early humanistic care hospitalization mode in nursing of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated by elective interventional therapy.Methods A total of 140 patients with AMI treated by elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in our hospital from November 2015 to December 2016 were enrolled in the study, and were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 70 cases in each group.The control group was given routine nursing during hospitalization, and the observation group was given early humanistic care.The success rate of PCI, incidence of complications and recurrence rate of myocardial infarction were compared between the two groups.The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), heart rate (HR) and serum creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) were determined.The emotion and degree of angina pectoris in the two groups were evaluated by the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups.Results The success rate of PCI was significantly higher in the observation group than the control group.The incidence of postoperative complications and the recurrence rate of myocardial infarction were significantly lower in the observation group than the control group (P<0.05).After nursing, LVEF in the observation group was higher while HR and CK-MB level were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).After nursing, the SAS score and SDS score of the observation group were lower than that of the control group, and the SAQ score was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05).The nursing satisfaction of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion The application of early humanistic care hospitalization mode in nursing of patients with AMI treated by elective PCI can significantly improve the success rate of PCI and nursing satisfaction, enhance laboratory indicators and emotion, relieve the degree of angina pectoris, and reduce the recurrence rate and incidence of complications.

Objective To explore the application value of early humanistic care hospitalization mode in nursing of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated by elective interventional therapy.Methods A total of 140 patients with AMI treated by elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in our hospital from November 2015 to December 2016 were enrolled in the study, and were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 70 cases in each group.The control group was given routine nursing during hospitalization, and the observation group was given early humanistic care.The success rate of PCI, incidence of complications and recurrence rate of myocardial infarction were compared between the two groups.The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), heart rate (HR) and serum creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) were determined.The emotion and degree of angina pectoris in the two groups were evaluated by the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups.Results The success rate of PCI was significantly higher in the observation group than the control group.The incidence of postoperative complications and the recurrence rate of myocardial infarction were significantly lower in the observation group than the control group (P<0.05).After nursing, LVEF in the observation group was higher while HR and CK-MB level were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).After nursing, the SAS score and SDS score of the observation group were lower than that of the control group, and the SAQ score was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05).The nursing satisfaction of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion The application of early humanistic care hospitalization mode in nursing of patients with AMI treated by elective PCI can significantly improve the success rate of PCI and nursing satisfaction, enhance laboratory indicators and emotion, relieve the degree of angina pectoris, and reduce the recurrence rate and incidence of complications.

Objective:To explore the association of DNA methylation with immune response to hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine in Han nationality children from Guangxi province.Methods:A total of 263 children aged 8-9 months who had completed HepB immunization program were recruited from three hospitals in Guangxi province by using unmatched case-control method. Children with the HepB surface antibody concentration(Anti -HBs)<100 mIU/ml was set as the case group and ≥100 mIU/ml as the control group. Multiplex PCR and heavy sulfite sequencing were used to treat the samples. Illumina platform was used for high-throughput DNA methylation sequencing of IFNG gene target regions and CpG sites. Unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the association between cytosine-phospho-guanosine DNA methylation at 18 loci of IFNG gene and HepB immune response level. Results:There were 104 children in the case group and 159 in the control group. The median ( Q1, Q3) level of anti -HBs in two groups were 62.34 (30.06, 98.88) mIU/ml and 1 089.10 (710.35, 1 233.45) mIU/ml. The methylation levels of IFNG_1 gene 44 and 93 locus in the case group were higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). The unconditional logistic regression model showed that the DNA methylation level of IFNG_1 gene at 44 ( OR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.03-1.35) and 93 ( OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.07-1.38) locus was associated with the HepB response level. Conclusion:The changes of DNA methylation at locus 44 and 93 of IFNG_1 gene may be relevant factors affecting the response level of HepB in Han nationality children from Guangxi province.

Objective:To explore the association of DNA methylation with immune response to hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine in Han nationality children from Guangxi province.Methods:A total of 263 children aged 8-9 months who had completed HepB immunization program were recruited from three hospitals in Guangxi province by using unmatched case-control method. Children with the HepB surface antibody concentration(Anti -HBs)<100 mIU/ml was set as the case group and ≥100 mIU/ml as the control group. Multiplex PCR and heavy sulfite sequencing were used to treat the samples. Illumina platform was used for high-throughput DNA methylation sequencing of IFNG gene target regions and CpG sites. Unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the association between cytosine-phospho-guanosine DNA methylation at 18 loci of IFNG gene and HepB immune response level. Results:There were 104 children in the case group and 159 in the control group. The median ( Q1, Q3) level of anti -HBs in two groups were 62.34 (30.06, 98.88) mIU/ml and 1 089.10 (710.35, 1 233.45) mIU/ml. The methylation levels of IFNG_1 gene 44 and 93 locus in the case group were higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). The unconditional logistic regression model showed that the DNA methylation level of IFNG_1 gene at 44 ( OR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.03-1.35) and 93 ( OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.07-1.38) locus was associated with the HepB response level. Conclusion:The changes of DNA methylation at locus 44 and 93 of IFNG_1 gene may be relevant factors affecting the response level of HepB in Han nationality children from Guangxi province.