Objective To establish the characteristic spectrum of ginkgo leaf tablets,ginkgo leaf capsules,and ginkgo leaf dropping pills.Methods HPLC-ELSD analysis was performed on an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column(150 mm×4.6 mm,2.7 μm)with the methanol-0.1% formic acid as mobile phase at the gradient elution mode,flow rate was 0.8 mL·min-1.Results Referring to the reference extract,a total of 12 peaks were established in the characteristic spectrum and selected as the characteristic common peaks.Conclusion The established method was simple and sensitive with good reproducibility,so it could be used to control the quality of ginkgo leaf preparations.

Objective To explore the feasibility of using the quantitative reference extract of ginkgo leaf total lactones instead of single component reference for the quantitative assay of Ginkgo Folium.Methods HPLC-ELSD method was performed by using a Diamonsil C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) with methanol-water as the mobile phase at the gradient elution mode.Flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1.The parameters of ELSD detector were as follows,the drifit tube temperature was 105 ℃,and the flow rate of nitrogen(N2) was 3 L·min-1.Results The linear ranges of ginkgolide A,ginkgolide B,ginkgolide C,and bilobalide were 0.735-5.879 μg (r=0.999 6),0.404-6.060 μg (r=0.999 6),0.296-4.439 μg (r=0.999 6),and 1.001-6.006 μg (r=0.999 7),respectively.The recoveries and RSD of the four components were 95.6% (4.0%),97.3% (4.5%),99.3% (5.0%),and 100.4% (2.1%),respectively.Conclusion The quantitative reference extract of ginkgo leaf total lactones can be used as the substitute for the determination of terpene lactones.

Objective To prepare the phmaceutical reference materials of total lactones extract from ginkgo leaf for quantitative analysis.Methods A HPLC determination method was developed to investigate the uniformity and stability of the reference extract of ginkgo leaf total lactones using with bilobalide, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and ginkgolide C as the indexes.Three laboratories participated in the collaborative calibration test.Results The four components in reference extract had good uniformity and stability with RSD less than 2.0%;the marked values of the four components had been determined through statistical data analysis which provided by assigned traceability values.The values of bilobalide, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, and ginkgolide C were 39.54%, 29.03%, 15.96% and 11.69%, respectively.Conclusion The reference extract of ginkgo leaf total lactones can be prepared for quality control in future quantitative analysis.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the genotype, epidemic pattern and the characteristics of the disease of enteroviruses during the epidemic season of hand, foot and mouth disease (HMFD) in children from 2013 to 2014 in Beijing to provide the scientific evidence for prevention and treatment of HFMD.

METHODDuring April to September in 2013 and March to October in 2014, a total of 977 throat swabs were collected from children who visited the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, including 147 from patients with HFMD in 2013, 343 with HFMD, 201 with atypical HFMD, 83 with herpangina, 25 with fever with convulsions, 64 fever with rash and 114 with rash in 2014. Enteroviruses universal type (EV), Enteroviruses type 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus group A 16 (CA16) were detected by real-time RT-PCR respectively. The nucleic acid of specimens which were identified with non-EV71, non-CA16 was tested by nested PCR and analyzed by VP1 sequencing. The detection rate and epidemic pattern of different genotypes of enterovirus were analyzed among different age groups and between 2013 and 2014.

RESULTOf 977 throat swabs, 80. 1% samples were detected positive for enteroviruses. The positive rates of CA16, EV71, CA6, CA10, CA4 and other EVs were 25. 6% (250/977), 18. 9% (185/977), 20. 0% (195/977), 5. 0% (49/977), 1.5% (15/977) and 9.1% (89/977), respectively. Twenty six of the 89 other EVs included CA2, CA5, CA8, CA9, CA12, CA14, CB2, CB5, E6, E9 and E25, each genotype of which was no more than 3. The nucleotide homologies shared among CA6, CA10 and CA4 strains between 2013 and 2014 were 94. 3% - 100%, 93. 8% - 99. 1% and 92.7% - 99. 8%, respectively. The positive rates of ≤1 year group were 71. 1% (106/149), which was lower than that of other age groups (all P <0. 05), but similar to that of >5 year group (χ2 =1. 181,P = 0. 277). In 2013, the positive rate of EV was 85. 7% (126/147) and the predominant genotype was CA6 54. 8% (69/126), followed by CA16 20. 6% (26/126) and EV71 11. 9% (15/126). In 2014, the positive rate of EV was 85. 4% (293/343) in the 343 children with HFMD, the predominant genotypes were CA16 with the positive rate of 42. 7% (125/293), EV71 with 38. 2% (112/293) and CA6 with only 11. 3% (33/293). In 2014, the positive rates of EV in 201 atypical HFMD, 83 herpangina, 25 fever with convulsions, 64 fever with rash and 114 rash were 83. 6% (168/201), 80. 7% (67/83), 76. 0% (19/25), 64. 1% (41/64) and 60. 5% (69/114), respectively. All genotypes of enteroviruses peaked mainly during May to August every year, but there were no obvious epidemiological pattern about each genotype.

CONCLUSIONCA6 became the main causative agent of HFMD in 2013, however, CA16 and EV71 predominated again in 2014 in Beijing. The clinical manifestations caused by CA6, CA10, CA4 and other genotype of enteroviruses differed from EV71 and CA16. Besides EV71 and CA16, more attention should be paid to CA6, CA10, CA4 and other type of enteroviruses.

Beijing ; epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; Enterovirus A, Human ; classification ; Enterovirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Genotype ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Lateral ankle avulsion fracture is a common sports injury that can lead to chronic lateral ankle instability and substantial deterioration of the joint function. Currently, problems such as misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, disparate outcomes and lack of standardization are usually met in the diagnosis and treatment of lateral ankle avulsion fracture. The Foot and Ankle Committee of Chinese Association of Sports Medicine Physicians thus organized a working group of experts in the field of sports medicine and ankle surgery from China to develop "An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lateral ankle avulsion fractures (2022 version)" in accordance with the principle of evidence-based medicine and scientificity and practicability. The guideline covered the topics of imaging diagnosis, indications and methods of non-operative and operative treatment as well as postoperative rehabilitation, in order to provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of lateral ankle avulsion fracture.

ObjectiveTo establish a more accurate and sensitive liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV) method for the determination of uric acid in rat serum, and compare the results with those of commercial kits, providing a new method for the accurate determination of uric acid in the rat hyperuricemia model induced by potassium oxonate.Methods A hyperuricemia model was established by intraperitoneal injection of potassium oxonate (300 mg/kg) into SPF-grade male SD rats, and the control group was administered an equal amount of 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution. Blood samples were collected from the posterior orbital venous plexus and centrifuged to obtain serum samples. After precipitation with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile (containing the internal standard 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine hydrobromide), the supernatant was injected for analysis. Uric acid was separated on a Waters XBridge HILIC column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) using acetonitrile (containing 0.5% formic acid and 2 mmol/mL ammonium formate) as the organic phase and methanol solution (methanol∶water=1∶1, containing 0.5% formic acid with 2 mmol/L ammonium formate) as the aqueous phase for isocratic elution and detection at 290 nm. Serum samples treated with activated carbon were used as substitute matrices for the methodological verification. Serum uric acid levels in rats with potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia were measured using the established LC-UV method and commercially available kits (uricase and phosphotungstic acid methods), and the accuracies of the three methods were compared.Results Serum uric acid showed a good linear relationship (R>0.999) at mass concentration of 10–200 μg/mL in rats, the lower limit of quantification was 10 μg/mL, the accuracy ranged from -2.17% to 2.21%, the intra-batch precision ranged from 0.52% to 1.95%, the inter-batch precision ranged from 3.04% to 4.90%, and the extraction recovery ranged from 83.12% to 89.91%. In the rat model, the results obtained using the commercially available phosphotungstic acid method kit were significantly higher than those of the LC-UV method, and those obtained using the commercially available uricase method kit were significantly lower than those of the LC-UV method, but the LC-UV method showed the best recovery of the spiked sample (95.90%–99.96%).ConclusionThe LC-UV method developed in this study can determine the concentration of uric acid in rat serum with higher accuracy than commercially available kits and is recommended for the determination of serum uric acid in the rat model of hyperuricemia induced by potassium oxonate.